Pyrrhotite of Gold-Bearing Ores: Composition, Point Defects, Magnetic Properties, Gold Distribution

На основе комплексного анализа кристаллической структуры, химического и фазового состава пирротинов из руд и околорудных пород получено аналитическое выражение для расчета концентрации дефектов в кристаллах и оценки степени стехиометрии минералов. Выполнен расчет концентрации точечных дефектов в кристаллической структуре пирротинов из руд различной степени золотоносности, из вмещающих пород, имеющих различный химический состав, и проведена оценка зависимости между содержанием золота в пирротинсодержащих рудах, околорудных сланцах и химическим составом, стехиометрией минерала, концентрацией в нем дефектов и вакансий. Концентрация точечных дефектов рассчитывалась отдельно по примесным элементам (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn и т.д.), образующим дефекты включения (внедрения), и по катионным вакансиям в кристаллической структуре. В результате математического моделирования на основании параметров рентгеновских спектров, химического состава установлена зависимость концентрации точечных дефектов, их упорядочения в кристаллической структуре от содержания золота в рудах и околорудных породах. Максимальное содержание золота в руде отражается в химическом составе и структурных параметрах стехиометрии пирротина, а именно в этих пирротинах вакансии полностью упорядочены в четных (нечетных) базисных плоскостях кристаллической структуры. Предложена химическая формула для представления состава нестехиометрических минералов, содержащих в кристаллической структуре атомы, отличные от атомов минералообразующей матрицы. Установлено, что максимумы магнитной индукции пирротина и концентраций золота в пирротинсодержащих рудах имеют незначительное смещение относительно друг друга. Рассмотрен вариант интерпретации положения пирротинсодержащих золоторудных тел в магнитных поляхOn a basis of comprehensive analysis of the crystal structure, chemical and phase composition pyrrhotites from ores and near-ore rocks, an analytical expression for calculating the concentration of defects in crystals and to assess the stoichiometry of the minerals was received. The calculation of the concentration of point defects in the crystal structure pyrrhotites from ores of different degrees goldbearing, from host rocks with different chemical composition and estimation the relationship between gold content in pyrrhotite-bearing ore, near-ore slates and chemical composition, stoichiometry of the mineral, concentration in it of defects and vacancies was spent. Concentration of point defects was calculated separately for trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.) forming defects of inclusion (introduction) and cationic vacancies in the crystal structure. As a result, mathematical modeling based on the parameters of the X-ray spectra, chemical composition, the dependence of the concentration of point defects and their ordering in the crystal structure of the content of gold in ores and near-ore rocks was established. The maximum gold content in ore is reflected in the chemical composition and structural parameters of stoichiometric pyrrhotite and namely in these pyrrhotite of vacancy are completely ordered in even (odd) basic planes of crystal structure. The chemical formula to represent the composition of nonstoichiometric minerals contained in the crystal structure of atoms, different from atoms of mineral-matrix was offered. It is established that the maximum magnetic induction of pyrrhotite and gold concentrations in pyrrhotite-bearing ores have a slight shift relative to each other. The variant of interpretation of position pyrrhotite-bearing gold bodies in magnetic fields was offere

Pyrrhotite of Gold-Bearing Ores: Composition, Point Defects, Magnetic Properties, Gold Distribution

На основе комплексного анализа кристаллической структуры, химического и фазового состава пирротинов из руд и околорудных пород получено аналитическое выражение для расчета концентрации дефектов в кристаллах и оценки степени стехиометрии минералов. Выполнен расчет концентрации точечных дефектов в кристаллической структуре пирротинов из руд различной степени золотоносности, из вмещающих пород, имеющих различный химический состав, и проведена оценка зависимости между содержанием золота в пирротинсодержащих рудах, околорудных сланцах и химическим составом, стехиометрией минерала, концентрацией в нем дефектов и вакансий. Концентрация точечных дефектов рассчитывалась отдельно по примесным элементам (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn и т.д.), образующим дефекты включения (внедрения), и по катионным вакансиям в кристаллической структуре. В результате математического моделирования на основании параметров рентгеновских спектров, химического состава установлена зависимость концентрации точечных дефектов, их упорядочения в кристаллической структуре от содержания золота в рудах и околорудных породах. Максимальное содержание золота в руде отражается в химическом составе и структурных параметрах стехиометрии пирротина, а именно в этих пирротинах вакансии полностью упорядочены в четных (нечетных) базисных плоскостях кристаллической структуры. Предложена химическая формула для представления состава нестехиометрических минералов, содержащих в кристаллической структуре атомы, отличные от атомов минералообразующей матрицы. Установлено, что максимумы магнитной индукции пирротина и концентраций золота в пирротинсодержащих рудах имеют незначительное смещение относительно друг друга. Рассмотрен вариант интерпретации положения пирротинсодержащих золоторудных тел в магнитных поляхOn a basis of comprehensive analysis of the crystal structure, chemical and phase composition pyrrhotites from ores and near-ore rocks, an analytical expression for calculating the concentration of defects in crystals and to assess the stoichiometry of the minerals was received. The calculation of the concentration of point defects in the crystal structure pyrrhotites from ores of different degrees goldbearing, from host rocks with different chemical composition and estimation the relationship between gold content in pyrrhotite-bearing ore, near-ore slates and chemical composition, stoichiometry of the mineral, concentration in it of defects and vacancies was spent. Concentration of point defects was calculated separately for trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.) forming defects of inclusion (introduction) and cationic vacancies in the crystal structure. As a result, mathematical modeling based on the parameters of the X-ray spectra, chemical composition, the dependence of the concentration of point defects and their ordering in the crystal structure of the content of gold in ores and near-ore rocks was established. The maximum gold content in ore is reflected in the chemical composition and structural parameters of stoichiometric pyrrhotite and namely in these pyrrhotite of vacancy are completely ordered in even (odd) basic planes of crystal structure. The chemical formula to represent the composition of nonstoichiometric minerals contained in the crystal structure of atoms, different from atoms of mineral-matrix was offered. It is established that the maximum magnetic induction of pyrrhotite and gold concentrations in pyrrhotite-bearing ores have a slight shift relative to each other. The variant of interpretation of position pyrrhotite-bearing gold bodies in magnetic fields was offere

Side effects of statins in patient with compensated hypothyroidism and SLCO1B1 *5 (c.521T>C) polymorphism

Aim: to assess the influence of compensated hypothyroidism and SLCO1B1 *5 (c.521TC) gene polymorphism on the clinical and laboratory signs of the muscle damage during statin therapy. Methods: assessment of symptoms and markers of the muscle damage and SLCO1B1 *5 (c.521TC) genotyping were performed in 33 patients with primary hypothyroidism taking statins, in 31 patients taking statins without hypothyroidism and in 33 patients with primary hypothyroidism without statins taking. Results: muscle pain was observed more often in the group of the patients with compensated hypothyroidism on the background of statins taking compared with other groups (45,5, 16,1 and 30,3 %, respectively, p=0,048). Only in this group the pain was associated with increased levels of creatine- kinase (171,0108,12 and 110,043,81U/L, in the presence and absence of the pain, p=0,049), LDH (369,566,22 and 305,641,98 U/L, р=0,007), myoglobin titer (90,7109,89 and 41,128,56, р=0,005), and more frequent occurrence of TC and CC genotypes of SLCO1B1*5 (c.521TC) (68,4 и 28,6%, р=0,0027). Conclusions: the patients with compensated hypothyroidism have a higher risk of statin-induced myopathy increasing if the TC heterozygotes or CC homozygotes of SLCO1B1 *5 (c.521TC) gene are present, which requires thorough monitoring of clinical and biochemical muscle damage signs in case of its detection

Drug-Induced Liver Injuries (Clinical Guidelines for Physicians)

Aim. Clinical guidelines for the management of adult patients suffering from drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) are intended for all medical specialists, who treat such patients in their clinical practice.Key findings. The presented recommendations contain information about the epidemiological data, terminology, diagnostic principles, classification, prognosis and management of patients with DILI. The recommendations list pharmacological agents that most commonly cause DILI, including its fatal cases. Dose-dependent and predictable (hepatotoxic), as well as dose-independent and unpredictable (idiosyncratic) DILI forms are described in detail, which information has a particular practical significance. The criteria and types of DILI are described in detail, with the most reliable diagnostic and prognostic scales and indices being provided. The pathogenesis and risk factors for the development of DILI are considered. The clinical and morphological forms (phenotypes) of DILI are described. The diseases that are included into the differential diagnosis of DILI, as well as the principles of its implementation, are given. The role and significance of various diagnostic methods for examining a patient with suspected DILI is described, with the liver biopsy role being discussed. Clinical situations, in which DILI can acquire a chronic course, are described. A section on the assessment of causal relationships in the diagnosis of DILI is presented; the practical value of using the CIOMS-RUCAM scale is shown. All possible therapeutic measures and pharmacological approaches to the treatment of patients with various DILI phenotypes are investigated in detail. A particular attention is paid to the use of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of DILI.Conclusion. The presented clinical recommendations are important for improving the quality of medical care in the field of hepatology

Drug-Induced Liver Injuries (Clinical Guidelines for Physicians)

Aim. Clinical guidelines for the management of adult patients suffering from drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) are intended for all medical specialists, who treat such patients in their clinical practice.Key findings. The presented recommendations contain information about the epidemiological data, terminology, diagnostic principles, classification, prognosis and management of patients with DILI. The recommendations list pharmacological agents that most commonly cause DILI, including its fatal cases. Dose-dependent and predictable (hepatotoxic), as well as dose-independent and unpredictable (idiosyncratic) DILI forms are described in detail, which information has a particular practical significance. The criteria and types of DILI are described in detail, with the most reliable diagnostic and prognostic scales and indices being provided. The pathogenesis and risk factors for the development of DILI are considered. The clinical and morphological forms (phenotypes) of DILI are described. The diseases that are included into the differential diagnosis of DILI, as well as the principles of its implementation, are given. The role and significance of various diagnostic methods for examining a patient with suspected DILI is described, with the liver biopsy role being discussed. Clinical situations, in which DILI can acquire a chronic course, are described. A section on the assessment of causal relationships in the diagnosis of DILI is presented; the practical value of using the CIOMS-RUCAM scale is shown. All possible therapeutic measures and pharmacological approaches to the treatment of patients with various DILI phenotypes are investigated in detail. A particular attention is paid to the use of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of DILI.Conclusion. The presented clinical recommendations are important for improving the quality of medical care in the field of hepatology