5T2MM bearing mice have increased bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae and calvariae.

<p>A. Photomicrographs of the vertebrae from naïve and 5T2MM bearing mice. Tumour infiltration is identified with black arrows. B. The proportion of trabecular bone area in the vertebrae from naïve and 5T2MM-bearing mice. C. Photomicrographs of the calvariae of naïve and 5T2MM bearing mice. Medullary spaces are identified with black arrows, and OC with yellow arrows. Non tumour-containing spaces are shown. D. The proportion of medullary area as a percentage of total tissue area in naïve and 5T2MM-bearing mice. E. Distribution of medullary spaces in naïve and 5T2MM-bearing mice, showing significant differences in distribution (KS test, p<0.02). Chi-square analysis demonstrated that 5T2MM-bearing mice had significantly fewer, smaller spaces and more, larger spaces than naïve mice (p<0.05). Data = mean± S.E.M. (B and D).</p

Serum concentrations of sRANKL and OPG are abnormally regulated in mice bearing 5T2MM and 5T33MM cells, respectively.

<p>Serum concentrations of sRANKL and OPG are abnormally regulated in mice bearing 5T2MM and 5T33MM cells, respectively. A. Serum concentrations of sRANKL in naive mice and mice bearing 5T2MM or 5T33MM cells. B. Serum concentrations of OPG in naive animals and animals bearing 5T2MM or 5T33MM cells. Statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney U test. Data = mean± S.E.M.</p

5T2MM, but not 5T33MM murine myeloma cells promote osteoclast formation in C57BL/KaLwRij mice.

<p>A. Photomicrographs of sections of the tibia reacted for TRAP activity from naive, 5T2MM and 5T33MM bearing mice showing the cortico-endosteal bone surface. TRAP-positive osteoclasts are arrowed. Original magnification ×40. B. The proportion of the cortical-endosteal bone surface occupied by osteoclasts, expressed as the percentage of the total bone surface, from naive mice and mice bearing 5T2MM or 5T33MM myeloma cells. C. Photomicrographs of sections of the tibia stained for TRAP activity from naive and 5T33MM bearing mice showing areas of trabecular bone. TRAP-positive osteoclasts are arrowed. Original magnification ×40. D. The proportion of trabecular bone covered by osteoclasts in naïve and 5T33MM bearing mice. Statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney U test. Data = mean± S.E.M.</p

Additional file 1: of Spinal disease in myeloma: cohort analysis at a specialist spinal surgery centre indicates benefit of early surgical augmentation or bracing

Description of Data: Mechanism of vertebral compression fractures and sagittal spinal alignment. Mechanism of progressive spinal deformity. Measurements of radiographic parameters. (DOCX 1192 kb

5T2MM, but not 5T33MM cells cause osteolytic bone disease and tumour-induced bone loss.

<p>A. Reconstructed 3-dimensional micro-CT images of the tibia of naïve mice, mice bearing 5T2MM cells and mice bearing 5T33MM cells. Lesions in the tibia of 5T2MM bearing animals are arrowed. B. Transverse sections of micro-CT images of tibiae from naïve mice, mice bearing 5T2MM cells and mice bearing 5T33MM cells. Lesions are arrowed. C. Radiographs of the tibia of naïve mice, mice bearing 5T2MM cells and mice bearing 5T33MM cells. Lesions are arrowed. D. Number of lesions in the tibia of naïve mice and 5T2MM or 5T33MM bearing mice. E. Trabecular bone area as a proportion of total tissue area in the tibia of naïve mice, and mice bearing 5T2MM or 5T33MM cells. F. Total bone mineral density of naïve mice, and 5T2MM or 5T33MM bearing mice. Statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney U test. Data = mean± S.E.M.</p