Appropriateness of statistical methods for predictors of mortality.

<p><b>Note:</b> Totals in this table do not add up to the number of articles because some articles used more than one method in their analysis.</p

Types of study designs and sample sizes.

<p>Types of study designs and sample sizes.</p

Summary of statistical methods.

#<p>Refers to logistic, conditional logistic, generalized estimating equations and Poisson regression methods.</p>¶<p>Refers to Student t-test, Chi-Square and Fishers Exact test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis, Wilcoxon, simple ANOVA and correlation.</p>*<p>Refers to Logistic Regression, Conditional Logistic Regression, Poisson Regression and Survival Analysis and Epidemiologic statistics.</p

Classification of statistical methods as reported in journals.

<p>Classification of statistical methods as reported in journals.</p

Flow chart showing the selection process of articles and the number in each period.

<p>Flow chart showing the selection process of articles and the number in each period.</p

PrePex circumcision surveillance: Adverse events and analgesia for device removal

<div><p>Background</p><p>The PrePex medical male circumcision (MMC) device is relatively easy to place and remove with some training. PrePex has been evaluated in several countries to assess feasibility and acceptability. However, several studies have reported pain associated with removal.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To assess safety of PrePex and whether analgesia administered prior to removal reduces pain experienced by participants.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A multi-site non-randomized, prospective cohort study in which adult (18–45 years old) males requesting PrePex device male circumcision, were enrolled in six South African clinics from July 2014 to March 2015. Participants were routinely provided with analgesia shortly after the surveillance commenced following a protocol review. Analgesia regimen for device removal depended on medication availability at clinics.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of 1023 enrolled participants who had PrePex placed, 98% (1004) had the device removed at a study clinic. Their median age was 25 (IQR: 21–30) years. HIV sero-positivity was 3.6% (37/1023). Nurses placed and removed half of all devices. Adverse events were experienced by 2.4% (25/1023) of participants; 15 required surgical intervention: device displacement (5/14), early removals (3/14), self-removals (5/14) and insufficient skin removed (2/14). Majority (792: 79%) of participants received analgesia. Most received either paracetamol-codeine (33%), lidocaine (29%) or EMLA and Oral Combination (28%). A lower proportion of participants who received any analgesia (except for lidocaine) prior to PrePex removal experienced severe pain compared to those who received no analgesia (16.6% vs. 29%: p = 0.0001).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Reported adverse events during this PrePex active surveillance were similar to previous reports and to those of surgical circumcision. Pain medication provided prior to removal is effective at decreasing severe pain during PrePex device removal.</p></div

Different options of pain medication and pain level during removal.

<p>Different options of pain medication and pain level during removal.</p

Demographics of the study population.

<p>Demographics of the study population.</p

Pain comparison during PrePex device removal.

<p>Pain comparison during PrePex device removal.</p

PrePex flowchart.

<p>PrePex flowchart.</p