Forensic Analysis of WhatsApp on Android Smartphones

Android forensics has evolved over time offering significant opportunities and exciting challenges. On one hand, being an open source platform Android is giving developers the freedom to contribute to the rapid growth of the Android market whereas on the other hand Android users may not be aware of the security and privacy implications of installing these applications on their phones. Users may assume that a password-locked device protects their personal information, but applications may retain private information on devices, in ways that users might not anticipate. In this thesis we will be concentrating on one such application called \u27WhatsApp\u27, a popular social networking application. We will be forming an outline on how forensic investigators can extract useful information from WhatsApp and from similar applications installed on an Android platform. Our area of focus is extraction and analysis of application user data from non-volatile external storage and the volatile memory (RAM) of an Android device

Forensic Analysis of WhatsApp on Android Smartphones

Android forensics has evolved over time offering significant opportunities and exciting challenges. On one hand, being an open source platform Android is giving developers the freedom to contribute to the rapid growth of the Android market whereas on the other hand Android users may not be aware of the security and privacy implications of installing these applications on their phones. Users may assume that a password-locked device protects their personal information, but applications may retain private information on devices, in ways that users might not anticipate. In this thesis we will be concentrating on one such application called \u27WhatsApp\u27, a popular social networking application. We will be forming an outline on how forensic investigators can extract useful information from WhatsApp and from similar applications installed on an Android platform. Our area of focus is extraction and analysis of application user data from non-volatile external storage and the volatile memory (RAM) of an Android device

AN UPDATE ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS

An rodent animal model of pain offers a powerful tool in order to understand the mechanism involved in peripheral nerve injury for preclinical study of pain. A battery of neuropathic pain models has been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with diverse etiology. This article reviews some of the most widely used or promising new models for chronic pain. Partial spinal ligation, chronic constriction injury, and L5/l6 spinal nerve ligation represent three of the best-characterized rodent models of peripheral neuropathy. For reasons of reproducibility and simplicity, most studies of neuropathic pain are based upon animal models of traumatic nerve injury, usually in the rat sciatic nerve. The present review exhaustively discusses the methodology, behavioral alterations of different animal models of neuropathic pain along with their modiï¬cations. Development of these models has contributed immensely in understanding the chronic pain and underlying peripheral as well as central pathogenic mechanisms.Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy, Neuropathic pain, Chronic constriction injury, Spinal nerve ligation, Partial sciatic nerve ligatio

Microbiological and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of surgical site infection following caesarean section in a tertiary care center of Chhattisgarh

Background: It is one of the most common surgery practiced in present era in obstetric population it has led to rise in postoperative morbidity in the form of surgical site infection (SSI). It not only burdens the health system but it also puts a serious negative impact on patient’s life. The present study is aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and the microbiological and antibiotic sensitivity pattern for SSI following caesarean section in our institute.Methods: The study is prospective, descriptive study carried out in department of obstetrics and gynecology of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, Raipur between May 2019 and April 2020.Results: Out of the 1215 participants who underwent caesarean section, 251 patients had SSI, with incidence of 20.6% among them superficial SSI (n=154) was 61.3% while deep SSI (n=75) 29.8% and 8.7% (n=22) organ/space SSI. Gram positive organism was highest isolated from superficial SSI 66.2% while from deep SSI and organ/space SSI gram positive organism isolated was 45.2% and 54.2% respectively, gram negative organisms were maximum isolated from organ/space SSI 40.9%followed by deep and superficial SSI 36% and 34.4% respectively. Most isolates were highly resistant to cephalosporins, gentamycin and amoxicillin; moderately resistant to fluoroquinolones and highly sensitive to vancomycin, carbapenem and linezolid.Conclusions: Our tertiary centre had post caesarean SSI rate of 20.6% which was high. By analyzing the microbiological and sensitivity pattern we can use evidenced-based sensitive antibiotics to be commenced initially when wound infection is identified in our wards while awaiting the result of wound swab microscopy, culture and sensitivity (48-72 hours), to individualize our antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative antibiotic protocol policy to reduce the further complications

Incision length: an emerging risk factors for surgical‐site infection following cesarean section

Background: Since late nineteenth century, the caesarean section first done there is a tremendous improvement in the surgical and anaesthetic skills. It has emerged as a safe mode of delivery but now, in the present era there is a continuous rising trend of caserean section. Objective of present study is to evaluate the effect of some specific gestational factors and other known variables associated with poor wound healing in women who delivered by cesarean section.Methods: A total of 1215 women delivered by cesarean section at Pt. JNM Medical college, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India from May 2014 to April 2015 were included in this study. The BMI was measured at gestational age when she got operated, grade of surgeons was noted. Subcutaneous tissue depth was intra-operatively measured from the fascia to the skin surface, while the incision length was measured after skin closure.Results: Out of 1215 women operated 251 cases developed SSI with incidence of 20.5%. Incision length (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.11-2.73; p14.7; OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.11-2.73, p<0.0001.Conclusions: Incision length by itself was found to be an independent risk factor for development of surgical site infection

Sooner than later: a little effort may avert postpartum haemorrhage in patients with acute hepatitis E

Background: The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in pregnancies with hepatitis E varies from 14-42%. Management of labor and PPH in these women with acute liver injury makes it a real obstetric challenge due to associated coagulopathies and contraindication for many drugs. Prophylactic insertion of condom balloon tamponade along with active management of the third stage of labour (AMTSL) prevent primary PPH in these women. Simultaneous use of injection tranexemic acid further gives reliable results. The present study was conducted to study the effectiveness of condom balloon tamponade in preventing PPH in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E in labor.Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Medical (JNM) College and associated Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Memorial (BRAM) Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh over period of two year from September 2018 to September 2020.Results: During the study period 32 women presented with hepatitis E in labor. Condom balloon tamponade was inserted prophylactically in all hepatitis E virus (HEV) positive cases immediately after delivery of placenta along with vaginal packing, irrespective of amount of bleeding. Inspite of so many odds in the form of unscanned pregnancies, multiparity, multifetal gestation, abruption, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), prolonged labor, deranged liver and coagulation profiles, anemia and thrombocytopenia, our study showed high effectiveness of prophylactic condom balloon tamponade by encountering only one case of PPH.Conclusions: Prophylactic condom balloon tamponade insertion just after the removal of placenta is promising in averting PPH

Evaluation of maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by jaundice-an observational study

Background: The spectrum of jaundice in pregnancy varies from a benign condition with good maternal and fetal outcome to a severe form resulting in liver failure and maternal and fetal mortality. Jaundice may complicate 3-5% of pregnancies. Present study was aimed to analyze the cause, course and impact of jaundice during pregnancy so as to have better understanding and hence better feto-maternal outcome. The present study aimed to analyze the various causes of hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy, maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by jaundice and various hematological and liver function variables for predicting maternal and fetal outcome.Methods: The present study was an observational study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Pt. JNM medical college and associated Dr. BRAM hospital, Raipur (CG) over period of 2 year from September 2018 to September 2020.Results: Total 0.72% pregnancies were complicated by jaundice. HELLP syndrome was the commonest cause of jaundice in pregnancy (36.7%), followed by viral hepatitis (32.7%). Hepatitis E was the most common type of viral hepatitis (91.8%). Hemolytic jaundice presented with best maternal outcome (maternal mortality rate 8.6%). Worst maternal outcome was seen in AFLP (maternal mortality rate 100%). Best fetal outcome was seen in viral hepatitis (live birth rate 67.6%), whereas worst noted with AFLP (fetal death rate 66.6%). Higher total serum bilirubin, higher serum AST, anemia and deranged INR had significant correlation with maternal mortality.Conclusions: HELLP syndrome and viral hepatitis are preventable causes of jaundice yet it contributed to significant proportion of maternal deaths in 26.5 and 18.5% cases respectively. AFLP is often under diagnosed and had a fulminant course in pregnancy causing maternal and fetal mortality

Structural analysis and theoretical investigations in Pb additive Se-Te-Ge chalcogenide nano-composites

In the present study, the impact of lead addition on the structural and physical properties of newly prepared quaternary (Se80Te20)94-xGe6Pbx (x= 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) chalcogenide nano-composites has been studied in detail. Nano particle size of each Pb addtive chalcogenide alloy has been deduced using the highest intensity peak of the X-ray diffractograms and it has also been confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The detailed study of physical parameters namely average co-ordination number (Z) and number of constraints, lone pair electrons, glass transition temperature, heat of atomization, cohesive energy and energy gap has been made. It is observed that Z and constraints have been found to increase with the addition in Pb content. However, all the other investigated parameters viz lone pair electrons, glass transition temperature, heat of atomization, cohesive energy and energy gap show a reverse variation. Glass transition temperature has been estimated theoretically using Tichy-Ticha approach and found to be in consonance with the experimental results. The cohesive energy has been calculated using chemical bond approach (CBA) model. Due to lower band gap of Pb, the overall bandgap of the composition has been found to decrease with Pb at.wt.%

Knowledge attitude and practice of contraception in Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh: how far are we from meeting the unmet needs of contraception

Background: Barabanki one of the most populous districts of Uttar Pradesh with population growth rate being much higher than the national population growth rate. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge about awareness and contraceptive practices in married women residing in Barabanki. To identify socio-demographic factors associated with unmet needs for contraceptionand also to ascertain the participation of husband in family planning.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in outpatient department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Department of Pediatrics in Medical college hospital in Barabanki. 144 females were enrolled in the study during the study period of one year. They were interviewed on the basis of a pre-structured proforma. Data obtained was then analyzed.Results: A total 144 women in the age group 18-45 years participated in the study of which 53% had knowledge of contraception. More than two thirds were not using any form of contraception. The most common method of contraception was barrier method followed by Depot medroxy progesterone acetate. Copper T was least used mode of contraception. The most common source of knowledge regarding contraception was from electronic media followed by friends and family. The most common reason behind the absence of contraception was lack of knowledge of contraception and husband disapproval.Conclusions: Poor knowledge of contraception led to decreased usage of contraceptive measures. Husband participation is virtually absent in family planning leading to high fertility. In order to make our family planning programs successful we must incorporate media for wider coverage to increase awareness and husbands for better implementation

A Rare Case Report of Fatal Fulminant Hepatic Failure in a Child due to Mixed vivax and falciparum Infection

Malaria remains an overwhelming problem in the tropical developing countries, with 300 to 500 million new cases and about a million deaths per year (Mishra et al., 2003). Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease in the tropics. Jaundice is one of the severe manifestations of falciparum malaria. Its incidence (Mishra et al., 2003). varies between 10 and 45% in different reports and is seen more in adults than in children. Jaundice may vary from mild to very severe. However, clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy (such as liver flaps) are never seen unless there is presence of concomitant viral hepatitis (WHO, 2000). Our case is a 6-year-old female child presented with fever, jaundice, and anasarca. Peripheral smear showed trophozoites and schizonts of Plasmodium (P.) vivax and trophozoites and gametocytes of P. falciparum. Viral markers for hepatitis were negative. She developed fulminant hepatic failure and expired after 26 hours of admission