38 research outputs found
Double Burden of Nutritional Disorders amongst Adolescents and Strategies required for combating it
Adolescents are the future generation of any country and their nutritional needs are critical for the well being of the society. In India, approximately 20% of the population consists of adolescents (1). Presently, the dietary inadequacy exists due to poverty and it is the main cause of under-nutrition. However simultaneously, we have affluent population groups, which have high consumption of foods rich in fats and calories, leading to over-nutrition and obesity. Thus, India is facing double burden of Nutritional disorders amongst adolescent in which we have under-nutrition at one end of the socio-economic spectrum and over-nutrition at the other (1)
Implementation of Double Fortified Salt in India is based on Low Scientific Evidence
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) can affect all age groups, but young children and women of reproductive age are most at risk of developing micronutrient deficiencies. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) are two important Public Health problems. Out of 342 districts surveyed, so far IDD is a major public health problem in 286 districts. No state in India is free from iodine deficiency (1). Iron Deficiency Anaemia is reported in about 70% of the population across all age groups (2). The magnitude of Vitamin B12 deficiency is documented to be about 73.5% in the adolescents (3) and Zinc deficiency is reported in about 49.4% amongst children (4). In addition, there are deficiencies of other micronutrients and minerals like Folic Acid, Vitamin D which are of public health concern. Fortification of food is one of three primary strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Fortification is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as "the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, i.e. Vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food irrespective of whether the nutrients were originally present in the food before processing or not, so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. Food fortification is one of the most cost effective ways to make up for the deficient vitamins and minerals in low quality diets. The edible salt is the most widely used food vehicle for fortification with micronutrients (5). Fortification of salt with iodine, to prevent IDD, under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, is in operation since 1962 (1). This intervention has led to significant prevention and control of IDD (6). Recently, the technology has been developed for fortification of salt with iron and iodine commonly known as DFS, to simultaneously combat IDD and IDA (7-9). 
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Sources and chemistry of secondary organic aerosols formed from carbonyl compounds
Atmospheric aerosols serve an important role in climate and air quality. However, there are still significant gaps in our scientific understanding of their impacts on climate. One of the greatest factors contributing to uncertainties in our estimations of these impacts can be attributed to the gap in the sources and formation pathways of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Carbonyl compounds, in particular, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, are two oxidation products of both anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Field and modeling studies have indicated that these two compounds can serve as potentially important precursors to SOAs, and alter the physical and chemical properties of the aerosols. The mechanisms and atmospheric significance of these processes pose important questions which need to be addressed. Here, we report experiments targeted to study the following topics: 1) the chemical kinetics of methylglyoxal uptake to aqueous aerosols, and the subsequent formation of SOA material; 2) the oxidative aging of SOA material formed by methylglyoxal; 3) the impact of methylglyoxal on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of the aerosol. These studies were conducted using either aerosols generated from bulk solutions of the organic and ammonium sulfate or by exposing the gas-phase organic to pure ammonium sulfate seed aerosols. A number of techniques were utilized including: a custom-built Aerosol Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (Aerosol-CIMS), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, pendant drop tensiometry (PDT), continuous flow stream-wise thermal gradient CCN counter (CFSTGC), aerosol flow tube reactors, and an aerosol chamber.
We found that the uptake of methylglyoxal to aerosols is a potentially significant source of light-absorbing SOA in the atmosphere. Additionally, the presence of methylglyoxal leads to surface tension depression with important implications for aerosol CCN activity. The aqueous-phase reaction products of glyoxal and methylglyoxal when NH4^+ is present include species featuring unsaturated C=C bonds such as aldol condensation products and imidazoles. Upon oxidation by O3 and OH, these particles show an increase in light absorption, accompanied by the formation of smaller, more volatile organic acids. Aerosol chamber studies conducted where pure ammonium sulfate particles were exposed to gas-phase methylglyoxal and/or acetaldehyde show significant enhancements in CCN activity, which can increase cloud droplet number concentrations by up to 20%. The results of this work will provide for a more accurate representation of gas-aerosol interactions and cloud formation in climate and atmospheric chemistry models
Reactive processing of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in aqueous aerosol mimics: Surface tension depression and secondary organic products
The reactive uptake of carbonyl-containing volatile organic compounds (cVOCs)
by aqueous atmospheric aerosols is a likely source of particulate organic
material. The aqueous-phase secondary organic products of some cVOCs are
surface-active. Therefore, cVOC uptake can lead to organic film formation at
the gas-aerosol interface and changes in aerosol surface tension. We examined
the chemical reactions of two abundant cVOCs, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in
water and aqueous ammonium sulfate (AS) solutions mimicking tropospheric
aerosols. Secondary organic products were identified using Aerosol Chemical
Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Aerosol-CIMS), and changes in surface tension
were monitored using pendant drop tensiometry. Hemiacetal oligomers and aldol
condensation products were identified using Aerosol-CIMS. Acetaldehyde
depresses surface tension to 65(\pm2) dyn/cm in pure water (a 10% surface
tension reduction from that of pure water) and 62(\pm1) dyn/cm in AS solutions
(a 20.6% reduction from that of a 3.1 M AS solution). Surface tension
depression by formaldehyde in pure water is negligible; in AS solutions, a 9%
reduction in surface tension is observed. Mixtures of these species were also
studied in combination with methylglyoxal in order to evaluate the influence of
cross-reactions on surface tension depression and product formation in these
systems. We find that surface tension depression in the solutions containing
mixed cVOCs exceeds that predicted by an additive model based on the
single-species isotherms.Comment: Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22 November 201
Identifying precursors and aqueous organic aerosol formation pathways during the SOAS campaign
Aqueous multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere can lead to rapid transformation of organic compounds, forming highly oxidized, low-volatility organic aerosol and, in some cases, light-absorbing (brown) carbon. Because liquid water is globally abundant, this chemistry could substantially impact climate, air quality, and health. Gas-phase precursors released from biogenic and anthropogenic sources are oxidized and fragmented, forming water-soluble gases that can undergo reactions in the aqueous phase (in clouds, fogs, and wet aerosols), leading to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Recent studies have highlighted the role of certain precursors like glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, and epoxides in the formation of SOA. The goal of this work is to identify additional precursors and products that may be atmospherically important. In this study, ambient mixtures of watersoluble gases were scrubbed from the atmosphere into water at Brent, Alabama, during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Hydroxyl (OH ·) radical oxidation experiments were conducted with the aqueous mixtures collected from SOAS to better understand the formation of SOA through gas-phase followed by aqueous-phase chemistry. Total aqueous-phase organic carbon concentrations for these mixtures ranged from 92 to 179 μM-C, relevant for cloud and fog waters. Aqueous OH-reactive compounds were primarily observed as odd ions in the positive ion mode by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Ultra highresolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) spectra and tandem MS (MS– MS) fragmentation of these ions were consistent with the presence of carbonyls and tetrols. Products were observed in the negative ion mode and included pyruvate and oxalate, which were confirmed by ion chromatography. Pyruvate and oxalate have been found in the particle phase in many locations (as salts and complexes). Thus, formation of pyruvate/oxalate suggests the potential for aqueous processing of these ambient mixtures to form SOA
Potential of Aerosol Liquid Water to Facilitate Organic Aerosol Formation: Assessing Knowledge Gaps about Precursors and Partitioning
Potential of Aerosol Liquid Water to Facilitate Organic Aerosol Formation: Assessing Knowledge Gaps about Precursors and Partitioning.
Need for neonatal screening program in India: A national priority
In India, out of 342 districts surveyed, 286 have been identified as endemic to iodine deficiency (ID). Research studies conducted in school age children (SAC), Adolescent girls, Pregnant Mothers (PMs) and Neonates have documented poor iodine nutritional status. As observed by total goiter rate of more than 5% and median urinary iodine concentration level of <100 μg/l in SAC and <150 μg/l in PMs as prescribed cutoff of World Health Organization. And higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels among neonates. ID leads to compromised mental development and hence which remain hidden and not visible to family, program managers and administrator. The present review describes the current status of ID in different parts of the country. With a view to strongly recommend the implementation of Neonatal screening program for ID so that the optimal mental development of children can be achieved
Prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in NCT of Delhi
Introduction: Anemia amongst children has been associated with impaired cognitive functions, developmental delays, behavioral and learning disturbances. Young children from high-income groups could be also being affected from anemia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in the age group of 5-18 years residing in National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Material and Methods: Total of 413 children was included in the present study. The hemoglobin (Hb) estimation was done by cyanmethemoglobin method. Results: In the age group of 5-11 years, the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children was found to be 38.4% and 29.2%. And in the age group of 12-18 years, the prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children was found to be 33.3% and 21.7%; respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that there is a high prevalence of anemia amongst overweight and obese children in the age group of 5-18 years in NCT, Delhi
Implementation of Double Fortified Salt in India is based on Low Scientific Evidence
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) can affect all age groups, but young children and women of reproductive age are most at risk of developing micronutrient deficiencies. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) are two important Public Health problems. Out of 342 districts surveyed, so far IDD is a major public health problem in 286 districts. No state in India is free from iodine deficiency (1). Iron Deficiency Anaemia is reported in about 70% of the population across all age groups (2). The magnitude of Vitamin B12 deficiency is documented to be about 73.5% in the adolescents (3) and Zinc deficiency is reported in about 49.4% amongst children (4). In addition, there are deficiencies of other micronutrients and minerals like Folic Acid, Vitamin D which are of public health concern. Fortification of food is one of three primary strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Fortification is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as "the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, i.e. Vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food irrespective of whether the nutrients were originally present in the food before processing or not, so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. Food fortification is one of the most cost effective ways to make up for the deficient vitamins and minerals in low quality diets. The edible salt is the most widely used food vehicle for fortification with micronutrients (5). Fortification of salt with iodine, to prevent IDD, under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, is in operation since 1962 (1). This intervention has led to significant prevention and control of IDD (6). Recently, the technology has been developed for fortification of salt with iron and iodine commonly known as DFS, to simultaneously combat IDD and IDA (7-9).