Diagnostic Accuracy of Dried Blood Spots Collected on HemaSpot HF Devices Compared to Venous Blood Specimens To Estimate Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence.

Fingerprick blood spotted onto filter paper offers an alternative to venous blood for use in population-based surveillance because it is comparatively inexpensive, acceptable, and easy to manage in the field. Prior studies have shown excellent agreement for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody detection from dried blood spots (DBS) and venous blood samples. However, much of this evidence is from high-income settings or laboratories where the samples were unlikely to be exposed to extreme temperatures and humidity, factors known to degrade DBS. We report the diagnostic accuracy of DBS collected using HemaSpot HF devices against venous sera in measuring measles- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in a household serosurvey conducted in two districts in India. Paired serum and DBS samples collected by fingerprick were collected from women aged 15 to 50 years enrolled in a serosurvey in Palghar District of Maharashtra and Kanpur Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh in India. Specimen quality and volume were assessed in the laboratory. Samples were tested for antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun). Sensitivity of antibody detection by DBS was greater than 98%, and specificity was 90% and 98%, for measles and rubella IgG, respectively. Antibody concentrations were strongly correlated between paired specimens with adequate volume (measles R2 = 0.94; rubella R2 = 0.89). Although correlation was poor if DBS specimens had lower volumes, impact on qualitative results was minimal. This study showed DBS collected with HemaSpot HF devices can generate highly accurate results of measles- and rubella-specific IgG compared to sera in community-based surveys when protocols are optimized for DBS specimens. IMPORTANCE Dried blood spot (DBS) collection provides an easy, practical, and acceptable alternative to venous blood collection, especially for community-based studies, provided that results from DBS are accurate. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for measles- and rubella-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) with DBS collected via HemaSpot HF devices compared to serum samples. This is one of the largest community-based diagnostic accuracy studies of measles and rubella antibody testing with DBS and the first application we are aware of using HemaSpot HF device for measles and rubella serology. Results support the use of DBS in community-based serosurveillance

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

The IDENTIFY study: the investigation and detection of urological neoplasia in patients referred with suspected urinary tract cancer - a multicentre observational study

Objective To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation. Patients and Methods This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged ≥16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries. Results Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3–34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1–30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77–1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80–1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32–2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03–1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90–4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14–1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30–3.18; P < 0.001). Conclusions A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer

Genomic DNA isolation and identification of chloroplast microsatellite markers in <i>Asparagus racemosus </i>Willd.<i> </i>through cross-amplification

33-38Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci is a time saving as well as a cost-effective approach for developing locus specific markers for new species. In an attempt to reveal the genetic variation in different accessions of Asparagus racemosus, chloroplast microsatellite primer pairs developed for Acorus calamus (Acoraceace) were examined for cross-species amplification and validation in A. racemosus. Out of the 18 microsatellite primer pairs screened, 5 i.e. 27.77% (AC-03; AC-05; AC-09; AC-13 and AC-17) yielded good cross-species amplification across 20 different individuals of A. racemosus. These cpSSR markers comprise 1-dinucleotide repeat type; 2-trinucleotide and 2-tetranucleotide repeat types. The product size of the amplified cpSSR primers ranged between 180 and 337 bp. All the 5 cross-amplified cpSSR markers were found polymorphic across the 20 individuals of A. racemosus. Besides this an easy and competent protocol for the extraction of high quality genomic DNA in A. racemosus for the PCR-based microsatellite marker analysis has been also reported. The DNA extraction protocol involved a modification of CTAB procedure given by Stange et al, which includes the use of high concentrations of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), addition of 8 M lithium chloride in extraction buffer; a repeated chloroform:isoamyl alcohol step and washing of DNA pellets with the wash buffer and with the 80% ethanol. The developed protocol yielded approximately ~77.30 μg DNA per 100 mg plant tissue with the purity ratio of ~1.85 at A260/A280 nm wavelength. Following the protocol and using the primers, genetic diversity analysis in A. racemosus was carried out

Irrigation Management Strategies to Increase Crop-Water Productivity and Grain Quality of Direct Seeded Rice in North West IGP: A Review

Due to its great productivity and profitability, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is farmed in alluvial irrigated tracts of northwest India. For half of the world's population as well as in our country, rice serves as the main source of calories. However, excessive groundwater use in rice farming has resulted in an alarming decline in water table, indicating overuse of groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative, resource-conserving methods that can sustain rice production. Direct seeded rice presents a compelling option when the future of rice production is in jeopardy due to worldwide water constraint and rising labour costs. The oldest method of crop establishment in this regard, direct seeded rice (DSR), is becoming more and more well-liked constraints minimal input requirements. It has certain benefits, including labour savings, a reduction in water and manpower requirements, early crop maturity, cheap production costs, improved soil physical conditions for crops, a reduction in methane emissions, and greater options for being the best match in various cropping systems. For dry-seeded rice, management strategies that cut irrigation water use and boost crop-water production are needed. Some of the interventions in this respect include cultivars with short growing seasons, tillage, and irrigation scheduling. High crop-water productivity is ensured with optimal yields thanks to irrigation scheduling that aims to eliminate over- or under-irrigation. Tillage changes the edaphic environment of the soil, which impacts crop development. Because of their shallow root systems, rice plants are unable to use the water in the deeper layers of the soil. In order to increase the deep root growth of rice cultivars, deep tillage has become the preferable method. The present research evaluates irrigation management options to raise crop-water productivity and grain quality of DSR in northwest IGP based on the available evidence