Assessment Approach of Life Cycle of Vehicles Tyres on Egyptian Road Network

Recently the problem of used vehicle tires becomes in focus in Egypt. In this paper, the scope is to study life cycle of the yearly used tires by vehicles travelling on the Egyptian road network. For the first time, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is performed for tires used by the Egyptian road transportation fleet. Global Warming Potential (GWP), health toxicity, and Aquatic acidification are the main impact categories considered. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology (IMPACT2002+) is implemented for LCA analysis to encompass the transportation process of the yearly needed amount of tires, and the usage of the tires. At the nexus, data about transport demand and activity have been collected. Also, modal split ratios have been incorporated. It was found that, Egyptian road tires contributes mainly to GWP on the midpoint effect and also contributes mainly to the damage regarding terrestrial acidification and nitrification. Regarding the normalized effect, it was found that the highest contribution of used tyres on Egyptian road network is in respiratory effects on human health with 3.52*104(person year/kg) followed by terrestrial acidification of 3.1*104(person year/kg)

Performances Evaluation of Surface Water Areas Extraction Techniques Using Landsat ETM+ Data: Case Study Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL)

AbstractAswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) is the major freshwater body supplying Egypt with water used for various purposes. This paper aims to detect the better technique for extraction of the water surface of AHDL. Eight techniques are tested using Landsat ETM+ image and their performances in extracting the surface water area are evaluated. The eight techniques include Supervised and Unsupervised image classification techniques, Water Ratio Index [WRI], Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI], Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI], Modified Normalized Difference Water Index [MNDWI], Automated Water Extraction Index [AWEI], and Normalized Difference Moisture Index [NDMI]. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the unsupervised technique, as it gave an overall accuracy about 99.91%. It is recommended to apply this technique in areas with similar conditions to efficiently extract the surface water areas from Landsat ETM+ data

Numerical Study To Enhance Stability Condition Within The River Mouth; Case Study: Rosetta Promontory, Egypt

Estuaries play an important role in exchanging water and providing a navigational pathway for ships. These zones are very sensitive and vulnerable to any interventions in coastal dynamics. Almost major of these inlets experience coastal problems such as severe erosion, and accretion. Rosetta promontory is an example of this environment. It suffers from many coastal problems as erosion problem along the coastline and siltation problem inside the inlet. It is due to lack of water and sediment resources as a side effect of constructing the Aswan High dam. The shoaling of the inlet leads to hindering the navigation process of fishing boats, negative impacts to estuarine and salt marsh habitat and decrease the efficiency of the cross section to transfer the flow during emergencies to the sea. This paper aims to reach a new stability condition of the promontory by using some coastal measures. These coastal measures include adding a diverted flow, modify the inlet cross section by using centered jetties, eliminate the coastal dynamic in the entrance using boundary jetties. This target is acheived by using a hydrodynamic model Coastal Modeling System (CMS). Extensive field data collection is used to build and calibrate the model. About 17 scenarios were investigated to reach a suitable solution that mitigate the coastal problems at the inlet

DEVELOPMENT of HYDROLOGICAL LUMPED MODEL TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH: CASE STUDY WADI SUDR IN SINAI PENINSULA, EGYPT

ABSTRAC

REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IONS FROM DRAINAGE WATER USING DUCKWEED-BASED TREATMENT PONDS

ABSTRACT The potentials of using of duckweed (Lemna gibba) for removing heavy metals from drainage water (DW) was investigated. Removal of chromium (Cr), lead (pb) and Zinc (Zn) was examined by using continuous flow duckweed based treatment system (DBS) with different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), and different concentrations of heavy metals. The Cr showed the highest removal rates, followed by Zn and Pb. The DBS performance was very good, with removal efficiencies varying between 75-91.3%, 43.81-85.7% and 33.42-59.09% for Cr, Zn and Pb, respectively. Overall, the duckweed (Lemna gibba) is efficient in the purifying DW from the heavy metals, representing an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost treatment technology

Detection of Shoreline and Land Cover Changes around Rosetta Promontory, Egypt, Based on Remote Sensing Analysis

Rosetta Promontory, Egypt has been suffering from a continuous erosion problem. The dramatic retreatment was observed during the last century. It is basically due to the construction of Aswan High Dam in 1964, which reduced the flow and sediment discharges. In this paper, four Landsat images (two Thematic Mapper and two Enhanced Thematic Mapper) covering the period from 1984 to 2014 were used. These Landsat images were radio-metrically and geometrically corrected, and then, multi-temporal post-classification analysis was performed to detect land cover changes, extracting shoreline positions to estimate shoreline change rates of the Nile delta coast around Rosetta Promontory. This method provides a viable means for examining long-term shoreline changes. Four categories, including seawater, developed (agriculture and urban), sabkhas (salt-flat), and undeveloped areas, were selected to evaluate their temporal changes by comparing the four selected images. Supervised classification technique was used with support vector machine algorithm to detect temporal changes. The overall accuracy assessment of this method ranged from 97% to 100%. In addition, the shoreline was extracted by applying two different techniques. The first method is based on a histogram threshold of Band 5, and the other uses the combination of histogram threshold of Band 5 and two band ratios (Band 2/Band 4 and Band 2/Band 5). For land cover change detection from 1984 to 2014, it was found that the developed area that increased by 9% although the land in the study area has been contracted by 1.6% due to coastal erosion. The shoreline retreat rate has decreased more than 70% from 1984 to 2014. Nevertheless, it still suffers from significant erosion with a maximum rate of 37 m/year. In comparison to ground survey and different remote sensing techniques, the established trend of shoreline change extracted using histogram threshold was found to be closely consistent with these studies rather than combining band ratio with histogram threshold

Opportunities for Using Analytical Hierarchy Process in Green Building Optimization

The adoption of green building technology has become significant for ensuring sustainable development; it has become the main step to a sustainable future. The designs for green buildings include finding a balance between comfortable home construction and a sustainable environment. Moreover, the application of emerging technology is also used to supplement existing methods in the development of greener buildings to preserve a sustainable built environment. The main problem of this research is how to tackle the environmental parameters balance based on new techniques that are being used for green building optimization. To mitigate the cumulative effect of the constructed climate on human wellbeing and the regular ecosystem, the most popular goals for green buildings should be planned. This can be achieved by efficient use of natural resources such as energy, water, and other resources and minimizing waste. This will contribute to the security of occupant health, enhancement of work performance, emissions control, and improvement of the environment. In the construction of green buildings, several criteria that may contradict, interrelated indistinct and of qualitative and/or quantitative environment are broadened to utilize. This paper provides a detailed state of the art analysis on improving existing practices in green architecture/building using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques to tackle the environmental balancing values based on optimal strategies and designs by green solutions to help make the best possible option from numerous options