Geodiversity and Geomorphodiversity Differences in the Coastal of Sea of Oman and Makran Zone from Cape Jask to Gwadar Bay

The need for management of the coastal of the Oman Sea and the Makran as a vast stretch of the Iranian territory with great development potentials in various areas. One of the most important areas for progress in this region is the enhancement of the tourism industry. One of the effective and potential capabilities that can be utilized for enhancing tourism is the geodiversity and the geomorphodiversity in the region. These diversities have been emphasized as the main bases for tourism in the region and steps have been taken to analyze and evaluate them. The study area, extends from the shorelines of Jask Bay to those of the Gwadar Bay and its land area stretches for approximately 120 kilometers from the coastline to the conical fold in the Makran zone. This research used quantitative, statistical and remote sensing methods to study the roles of active geological and tectonic factors, climate and proximity to the sea as the main parameters in the formation and expansion of geomorphological relief. It also evaluated the capability of each one, based on priorities, in the development of tourism in the area covered by the main drainage basins. The results show that geomorphodiversity with PRD of 0.0009, SHDI of 3.3529, SHEI of 0.9329, SIDI of 0.9578, and SIEI of 0.9774, is more importance and valuable than the geodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that the responsible authorities build the infrastructures required for the development of the Geomorpho-tourism industry in order to develop the coastal in southeastern Iran

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Nomenclatural Notes on Allium atroviolaceum (Amaryllidaceae) from Iran

Allium is one of the largest genera of the family Amaryllidaceae which is approximately distributed in all parts of the world. Iran is one of the main centers of diversity of the genus Allium and 7 subgenera and 30 sections are considered from this genus for the flora of Iran. In spite of taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, there are a few nomenclature studies regarding the genus Allium. The present study is the result of the exact checking of the species Allium with the International Code of Nomenclature. It was established that Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. (1846) is an illegitimate name as a later homonym of Allium atroviolaceum Hornem. ex Steud. (1840). So, the name Allium sehat-niakii Negaresh nom nov. is proposed here as a replacement name for Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Also, a note about the previous typifications of Allium atroviolaceum is presented. In addition, it is indicated that Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium Boiss. is a forgotten taxon for Iranian flora and it is treated in this study as an existing taxon with the new combination (i.e. Allium sehat-niakii var. angustifolium (Boiss.) Negaresh) for the flora of Iran.Key words: Allium, Flora Iranica, Taxonomy, Lectotype. IntroductionAmaryllidaceae is one of the largest families in the monocot plants, having about 75 genera and 1600 species, distributed in tropical to subtropical areas of the world. The genus Allium L., comprises about 900 species, distributed all over the world with the main center of diversity in Southwest Asia, especially Iran. In this regard, 7 subgenera and 30 sections are considered from this genus for the flora of Iran. The nomenclatural study of the genus Allium showed that Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. (1846) based on the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) is an illegitimate name, because it is a later homonym of Allium atroviolaceum Hornem. ex Steud. (1840). In this research, in order to clarify the use of this taxon, a valid name is proposed for it and a note on its typification is presented. In addition, it was indicated that Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium Boiss. is a forgotten taxon for the Iranian flora. Materials and MethodsThe purpose of the international rules of plant nomenclature is to organize past nomenclature and provide rules for the future. According to these rules, opposing names cannot be preserved. In the present study, according to the mentioned rules, the species of the genus Allium were examined in terms of compliance with the nomenclature rules. The present nomenclature study was based on the latest international botanical meeting held in Shenzhen, China in 2018, and the result was the 19th "International Code of Nomenclature" published by Turland et al. in 2018. Results and ConclusionThe name Allium atroviolaceum was first published by Steudel in 1840. Later, Boissier (1846) published a species under the same name. According to the International Code of Nomenclature (Art. 53.1; Turland et al. 2018), the name used by Steudel is legitimate and Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. is an illegitimate later homonym. The replacement name Allium sehat-niakii is therefore published here. When Boissier described Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium in 1854, he cited a type locality for it: prope urbem Tehran, Kotschy 449. According to the location of the type mentioned in the protologue, the variety angustifolium is distributed in Iran.The type specimens observed by the authors confirm that the two specimens collected by Kotschy from Iran are present in the herbariums of Geneva (G) and Paris (P). Therefore, Allium atroviolaceum var. angustifolium is a variety reported for the flora of Iran, which Wendelbo (1971) ignored in Flora Iranica, and here it is reported again for the flora of Iran. Var. angustifolium differs from the var. atroviolaceum by having narrower leaves. In the present research, the angustifolium variety is transferred to Allium sehat-niakii. With this rediscovery, the species A. sehat-niakii includes two varieties: var. sehat-niakii and var. angustifolium. Boissier described Allium atroviolaceum in 1846 based on the collection of Kotschy 450. During a review of various herbariums, it was found that fourteen plant samples belong to Kotschy 450 (BM000958288, FI012000, G00164986, G-DC (G00164987), G00164988, GOET000718, K000464376, L0041350, LE00010808, LE00010809, MO-149473, P00601093, P00601092, and P00747749). In Flora Iranica, the specimen of G herbarium is considered as the type. Meanwhile, there are three specimens related to Kotschy 450 collection (G00164986, G-DC (G00164987), G00164988) in G herbarium. Khorasani et al. (2018) considered the specimen G00164986 as lectotype, but did not pay attention to the fact that Allium atroviolaceum was previously typified by Wendelbo (1971), albeit incompletely. Therefore, based on the International Code of Nomenclature (Art. 9.15), the typification of Wendelbo (1971) should be considered as the lectotype determination in the first step and the typification of Khorasani et al. (2018) as the lectotype determination in the second step

A case of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura following the AstraZeneca Vaccine

A severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 infection (COVID-19)was identified in December 2019 and caused a massive pandemic that claimed millions of lives worldwide. The Chimpanzee adenovirus vector vaccine is one of the few vaccines against coronavirus disease in 2020. This case report introduces, a patient who developed thrombocytopenia, fever, and lethargy nine days after vaccination with the chimpanzee adenovirus carrier vaccine. The patient was admitted to the hospital and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) symptoms appeared during hospitalization

Centaurea sennikoviana (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new species from central Anatolia, Turkey

Centaurea sennikoviana Negaresh \& Kaya sp. nova (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated from Nigde Province, central Turkey. The characters that distinguish it from the morphologically closest species are elaborated upon

The evaluation of the MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio in peptic ulcer and its association with refractory helicobacter pylori infection

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the leading causes of peptic ulcers, and its treatment is a worldwide challenge. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors influence the development and healing of peptic ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate the ratios of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in patients with peptic ulcers that are sensitive or resistant to H. pylori treatment and compare them with healthy individuals. Methods In this study, 95 patients were included and divided into two groups sensitive (41 patients) and resistant to treatment (54 patients). The results were compared with a control group of 20 participants with normal endoscopy and H. pylori-negative. After obtaining written informed consent, five ml of venous blood was taken to determine their serum MMP-2 and TIMP-1 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In patients with H. pylori-induced peptic ulcers, the MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher than the healthy controls (P < 0.05). MMP-2 level was associated with patients’ response to treatment (P < 0.05). The MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio was higher in patients with simultaneous gastric and duodenal ulcers (P < 0.05). Conclusion It seems that peptic ulcer disease caused by infection with H. pylori increases the MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio in patients with peptic ulcers. However, it might not be a good predictor of refractory H. pylori-induced peptic ulcer disease

Amiodarone-induced blue man syndrome: a case report

Abstract Background Amiodarone is one of the most commonly used and effective antiarrhythmic drugs to treat ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Besides its advantages, this drug has side effects like liver, digestive, pulmonary, thyroid, neural, skin, optical, hematologic, psychiatric, and cardiac complications. Blue-gray cutaneous discoloration, also known as blue man syndrome, is an undesirable and unusual side-effect of chronic amiodarone therapy in less than 3% of patients. Case presentation This report presents a 51-year-old Caucasian man treated for the past 3 years with amiodarone and implantable cardioverter defibrillators due to his ventricular arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy, without any follow-up visit to his doctor. He was referred to the medical center for blue-gray discoloration on his nose and cheeks, which had started to appear in the last 3 weeks. Conclusion Considering the findings obtained in this report and the numerous side effects of amiodarone, the blue-man syndrome is a rare yet important finding of this drug which may influence the patient’s daily life. It is recommended that all patients under treatment with this drug be notified about its side effects and visit their doctors regularly. Regarding the high therapeutic value of this drug, the lack of any association between blue man syndrome and other complications, and the related aesthetic problems, the role of the caregiver becomes much more critical in the prescription of amiodarone

Effect of 8-Week Resistance Training on Hypertrophy, Strength, and Myostatin Concentration in Old and Young Men

Objectives The decline in muscle mass and strength, which are associated with aging, is called sarcopenia. Resistance training is one of the effective methods to deal with sarcopenia. Correspondingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week resistance training on muscle mass, strength, and myostatin concentration in old and young men. Methods & Materials The present study included 14 old men (age range of 55 to 70 years) and 11 young ones (age range of 20 to 35 years) who were randomly chosen from the volunteers. They participated in a progressive resistance training (gradual increase in training load, 50% of one repetition maximum in the first week to 85% in the eighth week) for 8 weeks, 3 days a week. Daily calorie intake, strength, muscle mass, muscle cross-sectional area (by CT scan), and myostatin concentration were measured before and after the training. Results The findings of the study indicated that after 8 weeks of training, muscle strength significantly increased in the old group in comparison with the young group (P0.05). Quadriceps muscle mean (SD) cross-sectional area of the young group (pretest: 76.03[12.21] cm2 compared to posttest: 79.16[11.54] cm2) significantly increased (P 0.05). Also, there was a significant correlation between myostatin concentration with muscle mass in old men (r=0.73, P<0.05). Conclusion Resistance training was associated with a decline in myostatin level and increase in the muscle mass and cross-sectional area. Hence, the beneficial effect of resistance training may decrease age-related muscle atrophy and affect elderly health

Renal vein thrombosis after COVID‐19: A case report

Abstract Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome‐Coronavirus‐2, can lead to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Non‐respiratory manifestations of COVID‐19 include venous and arterial thrombosis. The disease can affect all organs and even the kidneys and lead to renal vein thrombosis where renal veins or their branches become thrombotic leading to symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, or acute kidney damage. In this study, a case of renal vein thrombosis after COVID‐19 is introduced and the causes and complications of this disease are analyzed