Determination of Cefadroxil Antibiotic by an Analytical Method

This paper includes the most relevant analytical methodology used for the determination of Cefadroxil antibiotic. Cefadroxil is an orally active semi-synthetic ?-lactam antibiotic from the cephalosporin group, characterized by its prolonged action. This compound is effective against susceptible bacteria causing infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft tissue as well as pharyngitis and laryngitis. A  variety of analytical methods have been proposed for the determination of cefadroxil in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples. The spectrophotometric method using oxidative coupling reaction has been performed in which chloranillic acid & MBTH has been used as reagent at 535 nm & 420 nm absorbance with linear range of 15-415 ?g/ml & 1-12?g/ml. Speed of analysis has become of paramount importance in many application areas, such as in pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, in order to increase throughput and reduce costs. In this way, the recently invented methods offer new practical possibilities for increasing their efficiencies. Keywords: Cefadroxil(CFL); Antibiotics; Biological and pharmaceutical samples;

Interleukin-10 Producing Regulatory B Cells Transformed CD4+CD25− Into Tregs and Enhanced Regulatory T Cells Function in Human Leprosy

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are known to exhibit their regulatory functions through interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine which suppress inflammation. There are only a few studies explaining the phenotype and functioning of these cells in contribution to host immunity in leprosy. Here, we evaluated the role of IL-10 producing Bregs in the pathogenesis of leprosy and assessed their immunoregulatory effects on Tregs and effector T cells. We found an increased frequency of Bregs and increased expression of their immune modulatory molecules (IL-10, FoxP3, and PDL-1) in leprosy patients. The potential immunoregulatory mechanism of Bregs was also investigated using MACS sorted Teff (CD4+CD25−) and Treg (CD4+CD25+) cells were cocultured with Bregs to elucidate the effects of Bregs on effector T and regulatory T cells. Cell coculture results showed that purified Bregs cells from leprosy patients convert CD4+CD25− cells into CD4+CD25+ cells. Cell coculture experiments also demonstrated that leprosy derived IL-10 producing Bregs enhance FoxP3 and PD-1 expression in Tregs and enhanced Tregs activity. Blocking of IL-10 receptor confirmed that IL-10 producing Breg has immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells as effector T cells are not converted into Tregs and enhanced expression of FoxP3 and PD-1 was not observed on Tregs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-10 producing Breg cells play an important mechanism in controlling the immunopathogenesis of leprosy and have an immunomodulatory effect on Tregs and effector T cells. Our findings may pave way for novel targets of IL-10 producing Bregs for immunotherapy in leprosy patients

A Study on the Wastewater Treatment from Antibiotic Production

Wastewater from cephalosporin antibiotic production with high bio-toxicity is hard to degrade, and could cause great harm to environment and human being. In the present paper, wastewater from cephalosporin production was processed with biochemical treatments as hydrolytic acidification, Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed(UASB), Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process(SBR), biological activated carbon process(BAC). Among them, hydrolytic acidification could efficaciously enhance the biodegradability of wastewater, and greatly increase effects of the subsequent anaerobic-aerobic treatment. The final BAC process could effectively eliminate chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chroma of wastewater treated by aerobic treatment, where COD attained below 100mg/L and chroma was 40. Therefore, wastewater after the previous treatments basically conformed to the discharge standard of “ Integrated wastewater discharge standard “(GB8978-1996)

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Media Reporting on Suicide among Media Persons of a Province

Introduction: Suicide is a global public health problem. Sensible media reporting on suicide could be useful in suicide prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding media reporting on suicide among media persons of a province. Methods: A qualitative study was done among media persons of the province after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Data was collected through online platform using Google form from 15 April 2022 and 15 January 2023. A convenience sampling method was used. Descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. Results: Among 165 media persons, 54 (32%) of the participants either agreed to or were neutral about prominently reporting suicide news, and 47 (28.48%) were undecided or agreed about mentioning the details of the event. Only 50 (30.30%) thought that it is always possible to help a person with suicidal thoughts. A total of 48 (29.09%) always reported providing information about where to seek help in case one is suicidal. Conclusions: Media personnel were found to possess better knowledge about suicide reporting but exhibited inadequate practice in terms of providing method and site details and promoting support services, alongside maintaining an unfavorable attitude towards suicide. There is an urgent need to focus on coordination, standardisation, evidence generation and capacity building of media persons on suicide

Characterization of natural antimony resistance in Leishmania Donovani isolates

Clinical resistance to pentavalent antimonial compounds has long been recognized as a major problem in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India. However, mechanisms of natural resistance are unclear. In this study, we observed that Leishmania donovani clinical isolates not responsive to sodium stibogluconate showed resistance to antimony treatment in both in vitro and in vivo laboratory conditions. The resistant isolates have increased levels of intracellular thiols. This increase in thiol levels was not mediated by the amplification of ?-glutamylcysteine synthetase, but was accompanied by amplification of trypanothione reductase and an intracellular ATP-binding cassette transporter gene MRPA. The resistance of parasites to antimony could be reversed by the glutathione biosynthesis-specific inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine, which resulted in increased drug susceptibility. These results suggest the possible role of thiols and MRPA in antimony resistance in field isolates

Multi-Analytic Approach Elucidates Significant Role of Hormonal and Hepatocanalicular Transporter Genetic Variants in Gallstone Disease in North Indian Population

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is a multifactorial and multistep disease. Apart from female gender and increasing age being the documented non-modifiable risk factor for gallstones the pathobiological mechanisms underlying the phenotypic expression of CGD appear to be rather complex, and one or more variations in genes could play critical roles in the diverse pathways further progressing to cholesterol crystal formation. In the present study we performed genotyping score, Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CART) to identify combinations of alleles among the hormonal, hepatocanalicular transporter and adipogenesis differentiation pathway genes in modifying the risk for CGD.</p> <p>Design</p><p>The present case-control study recruited total of 450 subjects, including 230 CGD patients and 220 controls. We analyzed common <i>ESR1, ESR2, PGR, ADRB3, ADRA2A, ABCG8, SLCO1B1, PPARγ2,</i> and <i>SREBP2</i> gene polymorphisms to find out combinations of genetic variants contributing to CGD risk, using multi-analytical approaches (G-score, MDR, and CART).</p> <p>Results</p><p>Single locus analysis by logistic regression showed association of <i>ESR1</i> IVS1-397C>T (rs2234693), IVS1-351A>G (rs9340799) <i>PGR</i> ins/del (rs1042838) <i>ADRB3</i>-190 T>C (rs4994) <i>ABCG8</i> D19H (rs11887534), <i>SLCO1B1</i> Exon4 C>A (rs11045819) and <i>SREBP2</i> 1784G>C (rs2228314) with CGD risk. However, the MDR and CART analysis revealed <i>ESR1</i> IVS1-397C>T (rs2234693) <i>ADRB3</i>-190 T>C (rs4994) and <i>ABCG8</i> D19H (rs11887534) polymorphisms as the best polymorphic signature for discriminating between cases and controls. The overall odds ratio for the applied multi-analytical approaches ranged from 4.33 to 10.05 showing an incremental risk for cholesterol crystal formation. In conclusion, our muti-analytical approach suggests that, <i>ESR1, ADRB3,</i> in addition to <i>ABCG8</i> genetic variants confer significant risk for cholesterol gallstone disease.</p> </div

Demographic profile of controls and gallstone patients.

<p>Demographic profile of controls and gallstone patients.</p

Risk Estimates of CART Terminal Nodes.

<p>W = wild genotype. V = variant genotype.</p>a<p>Case rate is the percentage of gallstone patients among all individuals in each node.</p>b<p>ORs of terminal nodes were calculated by LR analysis adjusted for age and gender.</p><p>Significant values are in bold.</p