Groundwater Conservation Policy in Agriculture

Transboundary water conflicts between urban and rural populations often center on water use in the agricultural sector. Public officials may select a water conservation policy as the primary tool for reducing agricultural water use with the goal to improve water availability to urban areas and future generations. The Groundwater Management Act of 1980 (GMA) in Arizona was designed, in part, to induce water conservation in irrigated agriculture to sustain economic growth in an arid climate. Our mixed-method evaluation design merges qualitative, interview-based information with an estimated water demand function using panel data. We find that the GMA began with a flawed design and evolved through political circumstances into a ineffective water conservation tool. We explain nearly all water use in Arizona's agricultural sector from 1984-2002 using prices and weather data. We found no statistical evidence that the management plans of the GMA directly contributed to reduced water demand in Arizona's agricultural sector over the study period.Impact assessment, public policy, irrigation, water conservation, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COORDINATION AND COORDINATION VARIABILITY BETWEEN THE THORAX AND PELVIS DURING A MAXIMAL INSTEP KICK

The purpose of study was to assess coordination and coordination variability between the pelvis and thorax during a maximal instep kick (MIK) with the use of a modified vector coding technique. Nine university football players participated in this study. An optoelectronic motion capture system collected kinematic data on the dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (ND) side. The output from the vector coding technique was assigned to a coordination pattern classification that details the phase relationship between two segments, quantifies segmental dominancy, and provides information on segmental angle rotations. The results of this study and the reported coordination patterns of a MIK expands on current understanding of the tension arc (TA). Coordination variability was greater for the ND trials compared to the DOM trials. Overall, pelvis-thorax coordination and trunk angle kinematics are extremely influential when producing a high quality MIK

QUANTIFYING SEGMENTAL COORDINATION DURING A SPORT SPECIFIC MOVEMENT USING A MODIFIED VECTOR CODING TECHNIQUE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO COORDINATION PATTERN CLASSIFICATIONS

The purpose of this study was to compare two coordination pattern classifications associated with a modified vector coding technique, with a view to examine how differences between these classification systems affect the interpretation of movement patterns during the maximal instep kick in association football. This study strongly recommends the use of a coordination pattern classification that details the phase relationship between two segments (i.e. in-phase or anti-phase), provides an understanding of the direction of segmental rotations, and is able to quantify segmental dominancy at each point in time

ANALYSING PATTERNS OF COORDINATION AND PATTERNS OF CONTROL DURING A MAXIMAL INSTEP KICK IN ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL USING NOVEL DATA VISUALISATION TECHNIQUES IN VECTOR CODING

The purpose of this study was to use novel data visualisations for profiling the coordination pattern, segmental dominancy and inter-data point range of motion (IDP-ROM) when utilising a modified vector coding technique. On group data, coupling angle mapping and segmental dominancy profiling noted similar coordination patterns between the thorax and pelvis during the maximal instep kick on the dominant (D) and non-dominant limbs (ND). However, time-series profiling of IDP-ROM of the dominant segment visually highlighted greater pelvis range of motion during the forward swing phase of the kicking leg for the D limb in comparison to the ND limb

A BIOMECHANICAL INVESTIGATION OF A SPANISH SQUAT: THE EFFECT OF TRUNK INCLINATION AND LOAD ON QUADRICEPS ACTIVITY AND PATELLAR TENDON FORCE

The Spanish squat targets the knee extensor muscles and has been suggested to be an appropriate rehabilitation exercise for patellar tendinopathy. This study provides novel empirical data on the effect of trunk inclination and load on quadricep muscle activity and patellar tendon load while performing the Spanish squat. The findings of this study informs on the progression and regression of the Spanish Squat and provides evidence to support the application of the Spanish squat in progressive tendon loading strategies in the treatment of PT

Transnational Legal Practice 2006-2007

Law practice continues to expand across borders, and lawyers and law firms from the United States and other countries are substantially invested in representations that take them outside of their home jurisdictions.[1] Unfortunately, reliable information relating to the extent of internationalization of the legal market is scarce. Neither the number of lawyers and law firms working in the international legal services market nor the receipts generated from internationally-related work are readily and reliably available. Nevertheless, statistics from both the United States and United Kingdom provide a sense of the numbers from the largest present sources of international legal practice. In the category of outbound services, for example, we can consider how U.S. lawyers and law firms serve foreign clients and U.S.-based clients in their offshore activities. One measure of these services could include the offshore activity of U.S. law firms. The American Lawyer Global 100 includes nine U.S.-based law firms with more than a quarter of their lawyers stationed outside of the United States, three of which support more than 50 percent of their lawyers working from overseas offices.[2] Another study of approximately sixty large U.S. law firms reported that those firms support approximately 375 offices overseas, where approximately 8,000 lawyers are working;[3] three-quarters of these lawyers are working in offices located in Europe. The U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the export of legal services from the United States generated $4.3 billion in receipts in 2005, while imports of legal services were valued at$914 million, yielding a 4:1 surplus for balance-of-payment accounts.[4] According to the U.K. Department of Constitutional Affairs, British law firms generated £1.9 billion in exports in 2003, compared to £1.5 billion in imports.[5

Transnational Legal Practice 2006-07

This article reviews developments in transnational legal practice during 2006 and 2007, including international developments, U.S. developments and regional developments in Australia and Europe. The primary focus of the international developments section is the WTO\u27s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This article discusses GATS Track 1 Activities related to legal services, including the Legal Services Collective Requests and issues related to GATS Track 2 and the potential development of GATS disciplines. This section also surveys GATS-related initiatives of the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association and U.S. implementation of foreign lawyer multi-jurisdictional practice rules. In other areas, the international developments section addresses the development of a code of conduct for defense counsel practicing before the International Criminal Court and developments in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). With respect to U.S. transnational legal practice developments, the article reviews U.S. bilateral free trade initiatives, lawyer discipline cooperation initiatives and significant litigation. The regional developments section documents the emergence in Australia of the first publicly-traded law firm and Australia\u27s efforts to promote greater multijurisdictional practice for Australian lawyers in the U.S. This section also reviews various European developments, including European competition law initiatives, the Akzo Nobel case currently pending before the European Court of Justice, and developments related to the free movement of lawyers, codes of conduct, money laundering and lawyer education

Transnational Legal Practice 2006-07

This article reviews developments in transnational legal practice during 2006 and 2007, including international developments, U.S. developments and regional developments in Australia and Europe. The primary focus of the international developments section is the WTO\u27s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This article discusses GATS Track 1 Activities related to legal services, including the Legal Services Collective Requests and issues related to GATS Track 2 and the potential development of GATS disciplines. This section also surveys GATS-related initiatives of the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association and U.S. implementation of foreign lawyer multi-jurisdictional practice rules. In other areas, the international developments section addresses the development of a code of conduct for defense counsel practicing before the International Criminal Court and developments in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). With respect to U.S. transnational legal practice developments, the article reviews U.S. bilateral free trade initiatives, lawyer discipline cooperation initiatives and significant litigation. The regional developments section documents the emergence in Australia of the first publicly-traded law firm and Australia\u27s efforts to promote greater multijurisdictional practice for Australian lawyers in the U.S. This section also reviews various European developments, including European competition law initiatives, the Akzo Nobel case currently pending before the European Court of Justice, and developments related to the free movement of lawyers, codes of conduct, money laundering and lawyer education