Three-Year Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection Rates of the ICU

AbstractBackground and objectivesEvaluating the incidence of nosocomial and invasive device-related infections enables the comparison of the health care associated infection (HAI) between the intensive care units of different hospitals and different units in the same hospital.Material and methodsA retrospective surveillance study was performed to identify nosocomial infections, device-related infections rates, and causal agents from January 2007 through December 2010 in the Anesthesiology Intensive care unit (ICU). HAI were defined according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) criteria, and invasive device-related infections were defined according to National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) criteria.ResultsDuring a two-year period, 939 patients were analyzed throughout a total of 7,892 patientdays. The rates of HAI were 53% in 2007, 29.15% in 2008, 28.85% in 2009 while 16.62% in 2010. Most common HAI was blood stream infection. The rate of soft tissue and skin infection was the second most common. Overall, the most common agents were Gram(−) 56.68%, Gram(+) 31.02% and Candida spp 12.3% among patients with nosocomial infections.ConclusionsThe incidence of HAI in the ICU of our hospital was high, compared to the Turkish overall rates obtained at the Refik Saydam Center in 2007. When the rates of device-related infections between 2007 and 2008 were compared, they were higher in 2007. The rates of devicerelated infections were diminished in 2008 to below-national mean rates by infection control measures. Since the rate of urinary catheter-related infections are still high, we should exert continuous efforts for infection control

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Três anos de avaliação das taxas de infecção nosocomial em UTI

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de infecções nosocomiais associadas aos dispositivos invasivos permite comparar as infecções associadas aos cuidados em saúde (IACS) entre as unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) de diferentes hospitais e unidades do mesmo hospital. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, um estudo de vigilância retrospectivo foi realizado para identificar infecções nosocomiais, taxas de infecções relacionadas a dispositivos e agentes causadores na UTI de anestesiologia. As IACS foram definidas de acordo com os critérios do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) e as infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos invasivos definidas de acordo com os critérios do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Infecções Nosocomiais (NNIS). RESULTADOS: Durante dois anos, 939 pacientes em um universo de 7.892 pacientes/dia foram avaliados. As taxas de IACS foram de 53% em 2007, 29,15% em 2008, 28,85% em 2009 e 16,62% em 2010. A IACS mais comum foi infecção da corrente sanguínea. A taxa de infecção de tecido mole e pele foi a segunda. Entre os pacientes com infecções nosocomiais, os agentes causadores mais comuns foram Gram (-) 56,68%, Gram (+) 31,02% e candidíase 12,3%. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de IACS na UTI de nosso hospital foi alta, em comparação com as taxas turcas globais obtidas no Refik Saydam Center em 2007. Quando as taxas de infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos foram comparadas entre 2007 e 2008, foram maiores em 2007. A taxas de infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos em 2008 foram reduzidas abaixo da média nacional por causa das medidas de controle de infecção. Como a taxa de infecções relacionada ao cateter urinário ainda permanece alta, devemos exercer esforços contínuos para o controle das infecções

Três anos de avaliação das taxas de infecção nosocomial em UTI Tres años de evaluación de las tasas de infección nosocomial en UCI Three-year evaluation of nosocomial infection rates of the ICU

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de infecções nosocomiais associadas aos dispositivos invasivos permite comparar as infecções associadas aos cuidados em saúde (IACS) entre as unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) de diferentes hospitais e unidades do mesmo hospital. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, um estudo de vigilância retrospectivo foi realizado para identificar infecções nosocomiais, taxas de infecções relacionadas a dispositivos e agentes causadores na UTI de anestesiologia. As IACS foram definidas de acordo com os critérios do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) e as infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos invasivos definidas de acordo com os critérios do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de Infecções Nosocomiais (NNIS). RESULTADOS: Durante dois anos, 939 pacientes em um universo de 7.892 pacientes/dia foram avaliados. As taxas de IACS foram de 53% em 2007, 29,15% em 2008, 28,85% em 2009 e 16,62% em 2010. A IACS mais comum foi infecção da corrente sanguínea. A taxa de infecção de tecido mole e pele foi a segunda. Entre os pacientes com infecções nosocomiais, os agentes causadores mais comuns foram Gram (-) 56,68%, Gram (+) 31,02% e candidíase 12,3%. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de IACS na UTI de nosso hospital foi alta, em comparação com as taxas turcas globais obtidas no Refik Saydam Center em 2007. Quando as taxas de infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos foram comparadas entre 2007 e 2008, foram maiores em 2007. A taxas de infecções relacionadas aos dispositivos em 2008 foram reduzidas abaixo da média nacional por causa das medidas de controle de infecção. Como a taxa de infecções relacionada ao cateter urinário ainda permanece alta, devemos exercer esforços contínuos para o controle das infecções.<br>JUSTIfiCATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La evaluación de la incidencia de las infecciones nosocomiales asociadas con los dispositivos invasivos, permite comparar las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia a la sanidad (IRAS) entre las UCIs de diferentes hospitales y las unidades del mismo hospital. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: De enero de 2007 a diciembre de 2010, un estudio de vigilancia retrospectivo fue realizado para identificar infecciones nosocomiales, tasas de infecciones relacionadas con los dispositivos y agentes causantes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de anestesiología. Las IRAS se definieron de acuerdo con los criterios del Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) y las infecciones relacionadas con los dispositivos invasivos definidas de acuerdo con los criterios del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Infecciones Nosocomiales (NNIS). RESULTADOS: Durante dos años, se evaluaron 939 pacientes dentro de un universo de 7.892 pacientes/día. Las tasas de IRAS alcanzaron el umbral del 53% en 2007, 29,15% en 2008, 28,85% en 2009 y 16,62% en 2010. La IRAS más frecuente fue la infección de la corriente sanguínea. La tasa de infección de tejido suave y de la piel fue la segunda. Entre los pacientes con infecciones nosocomiales, los agentes causantes más a menudo encontrados fueron Gr (-) 56,68%, Gr (+) 31,02% y la candidiasis 12,3%. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de IRAS en la UCI de nuestro hospital fue alta en comparación con las tasas turcas globales obtenidas en el Refik Saydam Center en 2007. Cuando las tasas de infecciones relacionadas con los dispositivos se compararon entre 2007 y 2008, fueron mayores en el 2007. Las tasas de infecciones relacionadas con los dispositivos en 2008 quedaron por debajo del promedio nacional a causa de las medidas de control de infección. Como la tasa de infecciones relacionada con el catéter urinario todavía permanece alta, debemos esforzarnos más en el sentido de controlar las infecciones.<br>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the incidence of nosocomial and invasive device-related infections enables the comparison of the health care associated infection (HAI) between the intensive care units of different hospitals and different units in the same hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective surveillance study was performed to identify nosocomial infections, device-related infections rates, and causal agents from January 2007 through December 2010 in the Anesthesiology Intensive care unit (ICU). HAI were defined according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) criteria, and invasive device-related infections were defined according to National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) criteria. RESULTS: During a two-year period, 939 patients were analyzed throughout a total of 7,892 patientdays. The rates of HAI were 53% in 2007, 29.15% in 2008, 28.85% in 2009 while 16.62% in 2010. Most common HAI was blood stream infection. The rate of soft tissue and skin infection was the second most common. Overall, the most common agents were Gram(-) 56.68 %, Gram(+) 31.02% and Candida spp 12.3% among patients with nosocomial infections. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of HAI in the ICU of our hospital was high, compared to the Turkish overall rates obtained at the Refik Saydam Center in 2007. When the rates of device-related infections between 2007 and 2008 were compared, they were higher in 2007. The rates of devicerelated infections were diminished in 2008 to below-national mean rates by infection control measures. Since the rate of urinary catheter-related infections are still high, we should exert continuous efforts for infection control

Bir grup laparoskopik kolesistektomi hastasında intraoperatif esmolol infüzyonunun postoperatif stres yanıt üzerine etkisi

Amaç: Çalışmada esmololün intraoperatif anestezik- postoperatif analjezik gereksinimi, postoperatif  kortizol ve prolaktin düzeylerine etkisini araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 60 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma grupları şu şekilde dizayn edildi; 1: Esmolol infüzyonuna propofol ve remifentanil eklendi, 2: Sadece propofol ve remifentanil, 3: Esmolol infüzyonuna desfluran ve remifentanil eklendi, 4: Sadece desfluran ve remifentanil kullanıldı. Ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası kortizol ve prolaktin seviyeleri ölçüldü.Bulgular: Analjezik gereksinimi tüm gruplar içinde grup 1'de anlamlı olarak düşüktü ve grup 4 ile karşılaştırıldığında grup 3'te düşük bulundu. Kalp hızı esmolol gruplarında (grup 1 ve 3) kontrol gruplarına göre anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü. Prolaktin düzeyleri bütün gruplarda preoperatif değerlere göre postoperatif dönemde anlamlı yüksek bulundu. Ameliyat öncesi seviyelere ile karşılaştırıldığında postoperatif kortizol düzeylerinde grup 1de anlamlı bir azalma gözlendi. Sonuç: Laparoskopik kolesistektomi hastalarında anestezi yönetiminde adjuvan esmolol kullanımı herhangi bir hemodinamik instabiliteye neden olmadan anestezik - analjezik gereksinimini azaltıp postoperatif kortizol yanıtı baskılarken ameliyat sonrası prolaktin yanıtı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi yoktur

Effect of intraoperative esmolol infusion on anesthetic, analgesic requirements and postoperative nausea-vomitting in a group of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain and nausea/vomitting (PNV) are common in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Sympatholytic agents might decrease requirements for intravenous or inhalation anesthetics and opioids. In this study we aimed to analyze effects of esmolol on intraoperative anesthetic-postoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV. METHODS: Sixty patients have been included. Propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium were used for induction. Study groups were as follows; I - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (propofol and remifentanil), II - Only propofol and remifentanil was used during maintenance, III - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (desflurane and remifentanil), IV - Only desflurane and remifentanil was used during maintenance. They have been followed up for 24 h for PNV and analgesic requirements. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain was also been evaluated. RESULTS: VAS scores were significantly lowest in group I (p = 0.001-0.028). PNV incidence was significantly lowest in group I (p = 0.026). PNV incidence was also lower in group III compared to group IV (p = 0.032). Analgesic requirements were significantly lower in group I and was lower in group III compared to group IV (p = 0.005). Heart rates were significantly lower in esmolol groups (group I and III) compared to their controls (p = 0.001) however blood pressures were similar in all groups (p = 0.594). Comparison of esmolol groups with controls revealed that there is a significant decrease in anesthetic and opioid requirements (p = 0.024-0.03). CONCLUSION: Using esmolol during anesthetic maintenance significantly decreases anesthetic-analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV