BARNAHUS – Children\u27s house in Slovenia; Comprehensive concept of treatment of a child victim of sexual abuse in the criminal proceedings

In 2022, the first children\u27s house the primary goal of which is the comprehensive treatment of child victims or witnesses of criminal offences, will begin operating in Slovenia. The newly formed Protection of Children in Criminal Procedure and their Comprehensive Treatment in children\u27s House Act stipulates that a forensic interview with a child victim of a sexual offence shall be conducted in the Children’s house with the assistance of an appropriate expert for criminal proceedings or in cases of urgent pre-trial investigation. (Miklič, 2021a) Thus, the criminal proceedings are aimed at avoiding additional unnecessary interrogations and thus causing victimisation due to the proceedings themselves and approaching the welfare of the injured child. (Miklič,2021b) Despite the proximity of the opening, the professional public is not adequately acquainted with the European concept of Barnahus, which will be approached by the first children\u27s house in Slovenia in its operating model. Due to the lack of key information, misconceptions and unrealistic expectations have formed, which will complicate the idea of the children’s house operation for a child who would need treatment in the children\u27s house at the stage of disclosure of abuse and at the time of reporting to the competent authorities, and for experts who daily meet children, victims of abuse, as well as for professionals employed in the house

Zahtevnost kriminalističnega zbiranja osebnih dokazov o slabotnih osebah

Družba je v primerih spolnih zlorab slabotnih oseb polna predsodkov in tabujev. Slabotne osebe so pogosto socialno izolirane, nimajo znanja, vedenja in izkušenj. Slepo zaupajo in prijazne geste razumejo kot iskrene. Razumljene so kot »nespolna bitja«, nevredna pozornosti. Realnost je, da so slabotne osebe oškodovanci tudi najhujših kaznivih dejanj, ne glede na spol, starost ali oviro. Možnost za zlorabo se s starostjo ne zmanjšuje. Različne raziskave pišejo tudi o desetkratniku možnosti zlorabe slabotne osebe in vendar so prijave še redkejše, ko gre za zlorabe slabotnih oseb znotraj institucij. Storilci so osebe, ki so lahko del njihovega življenja, ali celo osebe, od katerih so slabotne osebe življenjsko odvisne. Slabotne osebe morda sploh ne vedo, kaj se dogaja, ali pa zlorabo težko izrazijo. Morda se jim ne verjame, ali pa so drugi do njihovih navedb zgolj apatični. Od preiskovalca se zato terja odlično poznavanje obravnavnega področja in široka razgledanost. Terjajo se posebej natančna priprava, specifična znanja, izkušnje, spretnosti in sposobnosti. Dober preiskovalec pozna taktike storilcev in ravnanja ter vedenja oškodovancev. Premišljena preiskava, zastavljena po korakih, je preiskava, ki ne dopušča bližnjic. Zahteva zakonito, strokovno, temeljito in podrobno zbiranje informacij ter indicev, ki lahko vodijo k osebnim dokazom in (v nekaterih primerih) tudi k materialnim dokazom. Pomembni so podrobni in natančni informativni pogovori z vsemi, ki bi lahko podali katerokoli informacijo. Ugotovitve razgovorov preiskovalca s slabotno osebo lahko zaščitijo oškodovanca in sankcionirajo storilca. Za preiskovalca se primer ne konča nujno s podano kazensko ovadbo, temveč z njegovim ali njenim pričanjem na sodišču

BARNAHUS – Children\u27s house in Slovenia; Comprehensive concept of treatment of a child victim of sexual abuse in the criminal proceedings

In 2022, the first children\u27s house the primary goal of which is the comprehensive treatment of child victims or witnesses of criminal offences, will begin operating in Slovenia. The newly formed Protection of Children in Criminal Procedure and their Comprehensive Treatment in children\u27s House Act stipulates that a forensic interview with a child victim of a sexual offence shall be conducted in the Children’s house with the assistance of an appropriate expert for criminal proceedings or in cases of urgent pre-trial investigation. (Miklič, 2021a) Thus, the criminal proceedings are aimed at avoiding additional unnecessary interrogations and thus causing victimisation due to the proceedings themselves and approaching the welfare of the injured child. (Miklič,2021b) Despite the proximity of the opening, the professional public is not adequately acquainted with the European concept of Barnahus, which will be approached by the first children\u27s house in Slovenia in its operating model. Due to the lack of key information, misconceptions and unrealistic expectations have formed, which will complicate the idea of the children’s house operation for a child who would need treatment in the children\u27s house at the stage of disclosure of abuse and at the time of reporting to the competent authorities, and for experts who daily meet children, victims of abuse, as well as for professionals employed in the house

Biološka kontrola sive plijesni Botrytis cinerea na grožđu s pomoću autohtonih vinskih kvasaca

Biocontrol activities of different yeast species and strains isolated from grape/must/wine environments have been compared to those of commercially available antagonistic yeast species of Candida oleophila. A total of 591 yeast isolates were tested in a preliminary screening on agar to select isolates showing inhibitory effect against Botrytis cinerea, the plant pathogen causing grey mould disease on grape. Yeast species Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Pichia guilliermondii showed, on average, higher biocontrol activity than commercially used yeast Candida oleophila. Furthermore, these three species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is potentially interesting biocontrol agent against grey mould of grapes, were selected for their inhibitory effects and assayed in vitro on different solid synthetic media for their antagonistic capacity towards B. cinerea. The results indicate that the composition of the medium had an impact on the biocontrol activity of yeast species and strains, as Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed the highest antagonistic activity against B. cinerea when tested on media with increased concentrations of glucose. The antagonistic activity of selected yeast strains was finally determined on wounded and sound grape berries of cultivars Rebula and Chardonnay for their ability to inhibit infection by B. cinerea moulds. Results suggest that antagonist yeasts with the potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found among the microflora associated with the berries.Ispitana je aktivnost različitih vrsta i sojeva kvasaca, izoliranih iz grožđa, mošta i vina, u sprečavanju bolesti grožđa, i to u usporedbi s komercijalnim kvascem Candida oleophila, koji djeluje kao antagonist. Na pločama agara preliminarno je ispitan 591 izolat kvasca radi odabira onih koji inhibiraju uzročnika sive plijesni na grožđu (Botrytis cinerea). Kvasci Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima i Pichia guilliermondii prosječno su imali veću aktivnost od kvasca Candida oleophila. Uzgojem in vitro na različitim sintetičkim podlogama proučena je mogućnost uporabe tih vrsta kvasaca, a i kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae, za biološko suzbijanje sive plijesni B. cinerea. Rezultati pokazuju da sastav podloge utječe na aktivnost kvasaca. Kvasac Saccharomyces cerevisiae u podlozi s povećanim udjelom glukoze imao je najizraženiji antagonistički učinak na B. cinerea. Ispitana je antagonistička aktivnost odabranih kvasaca na oštećenim i neoštećenim bobicama grožđa sorata Rebula i Chardonnay. Rezultati pokazuju da se iz prirodne mikrobne populacije grožđa mogu izdvojiti kvasci što imaju antagonistički učinak na sivu plijesan B. cinerea

Biocontrol of Grey Mould Disease on Grape Caused by Botrytis cinerea with Autochthonous Wine Yeasts

Biocontrol activities of different yeast species and strains isolated from grape/must/wine environments have been compared to those of commercially available antagonistic yeast species of Candida oleophila. A total of 591 yeast isolates were tested in a preliminary screening on agar to select isolates showing inhibitory effect against Botrytis cinerea, the plant pathogen causing grey mould disease on grape. Yeast species Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Pichia guilliermondii showed, on average, higher biocontrol activity than commercially used yeast Candida oleophila. Furthermore, these three species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is potentially interesting biocontrol agent against grey mould of grapes, were selected for their inhibitory effects and assayed in vitro on different solid synthetic media for their antagonistic capacity towards B. cinerea. The results indicate that the composition of the medium had an impact on the biocontrol activity of yeast species and strains, as Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed the highest antagonistic activity against B. cinerea when tested on media with increased concentrations of glucose. The antagonistic activity of selected yeast strains was finally determined on wounded and sound grape berries of cultivars Rebula and Chardonnay for their ability to inhibit infection by B. cinerea moulds. Results suggest that antagonist yeasts with the potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found among the microflora associated with the berries