Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza

The role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economicallyimportant virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD lineage, remains unexplored. Here we characterise the spatiotemporal patterns of virus diffusion during three HPAI H5Nx intercontinental epidemic waves and demonstrate that Africa mainly acted as an ecological sink of the HPAI H5Nx viruses. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion indicates that poultry trade as well as wild bird migrations have contributed to the virus spreading into Africa, with West Africa acting as a crucial hotspot for virus introduction and dissemination into the continent. We demonstrate varying paths of avian influenza incursions into Africa as well as virus spread within Africa over time, which reveal that virus expansion is a complex phenomenon, shaped by an intricate interplay between avian host ecology, virus characteristics and environmental variables.USAID under the OSRO/GLO/501/USA and OSRO/GLO/507/USA projects and by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727922 (DELTAFLU). The European Research Council under the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 725422-ReservoirDOCS). P.L. acknowledges support by the Research Foundation – Flanders FWO, G066215N, G0D5117N and G0B9317N). B.V. is a postdoctoral research fellow supported by the FWO.http://www.nature.com/naturecommunicationsam2020Microbiology and Plant Patholog

Genotypes, morphology, selection criteria and production aspects of the Ankole Longhorn cattle in the African Great Lakes region

The study includes a survey undertaken in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania & Uganda describing production systems & selection criteria; a novel approach of phenotypic ranking for the evaluation indigenous selection criteria and assessing regional differences in morphology and genotype of the Ankole cattle to provide information on genetic variation of the breed and thus breeding goals. The survey shows that in Burundi, Rwanda and the SW highlands of Uganda, cattle keepers are entirely sedentary and own small herds while elsewhere they are sedentary / semi- nomadic. Milk is the main product in all areas. The selection criteria for cows are similar across systems. Production traits were highly ranked including growth for bulls. Phenotypic appearance and ancestral information are more important in bulls than in cows. In areas of land scarcity there is tendency toward crossbreeding. From the phenotypic ranking experiments cattle keepers preferred cows of good production traits while in bulls, the criterion of appearance is crucial. Own fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. Genetic & morphological characterisation of Ankole cattle was done in Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania Uganda and the DR Congo. The traits of largest variation proportion attributed to region were femoral thigh length, horn length, horn base circumference, rump height, body length and height at withers. 2.7% of the genetic variation is attributable to differences among sub-populations. Four genetic structures were inferred from a model based Bayesian approach. Both the latter & distance based analyses consistently isolated the Mugamba sub-population in Burundi from the rest.vorgelegt von Deo Birungi NdumuAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersWien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Diss., 2007OeBB(VLID)193121

Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza

The role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economically-important virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD lineage, remains unexplored. Here we characterise the spatiotemporal patterns of virus diffusion during three HPAI H5Nx intercontinental epidemic waves and demonstrate that Africa mainly acted as an ecological sink of the HPAI H5Nx viruses. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion indicates that poultry trade as well as wild bird migrations have contributed to the virus spreading into Africa, with West Africa acting as a crucial hotspot for virus introduction and dissemination into the continent. We demonstrate varying paths of avian influenza incursions into Africa as well as virus spread within Africa over time, which reveal that virus expansion is a complex phenomenon, shaped by an intricate interplay between avian host ecology, virus characteristics and environmental variables.status: publishe