35 research outputs found

    SPT – Summary Prefix Tree: An over DHT Indexing Data Structure for Efficient Superset Search

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    This paper presents the summary prefix tree (SPT), a trie data structure that supports efficient superset searches over DHT. Each document is summarized by a Bloom filter which is then used by SPT to index this document. SPT implements an hybrid lookup procedure that is well-adapted to sparse indexing keys such as Bloom filters. We also propose a mapping function that permits to mitigate the impact of the skewness of SPT due to the sparsity of Bloom filters, especially when they contain only few words. To perform superset searches, SPT maintains on each node a local view of the global tree. The main contributions are the following. First, the approximation of the superset relationship among keyword-sets by the descendant relationship among Bloom filters. Second, the use of a summary prefix tree, a trie indexing data structure, for keyword-based search over DHT. Third, a hybrid lookup procedure which exploits the sparsity of Bloom filters to offer good performances. Finally, an algorithm that exploits SPT to efficiently find descriptions that are supersets of query keywords.Cet article prĂ©sente un arbre de prĂ©fixes SPT, une structure de donnĂ©es qui permet de rĂ©aliser efficacement des recherches de sur-ensemble sur DHT. Chaque document est rĂ©sumĂ© par un filtre Bloom qui est ensuite utilisĂ© par SPT pour indexer ce document. SPT implĂ©mente une procĂ©dure de recherche hybride qui est bien adaptĂ©e aux clĂ©s d'indexation Ă©parses telles que les filtres Bloom. Nous proposons aussi une fonction de mapping qui attĂ©nue l'impact de l'asymĂ©trie de SPT en raison de la raretĂ© des bit 1 dans les filtres de Bloom, surtout lorsqu'ils ne contiennent que peu de mots. Pour effectuer des recherches de sur-ensemble, SPT maintient sur chaque noeud une vue locale de l'arbre global. Les principales contributions sont les suivantes. PremiĂšrement, l'approximation de la relation de sur-ensemble entre les ensembles de mots-clĂ©s par la relation descendance entre les filtres Bloom. DeuxiĂšmement, l'utilisation d'un arbre de prĂ©fixes (SPT), une structure d'indexation de donnĂ©es pour la recherche par mot-clĂ© sur DHT. TroisiĂšmement, une procĂ©dure de recherche hybride qui exploite la nature Ă©parse des filtres Bloom pour offrir de bonnes performances. Enfin, un algorithme qui exploite SPT pour trouver efficacement des descriptions qui sont des sur-ensembles d'une requĂȘte de mots-clĂ©s

    Friticores: A RSS Feed Monitoring and Dissemination System

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    International audienceRSS feeds is a simple information medium that permits to reduce the information discovery delay. It requires some effort to consumers to find suitable information especially if they ignore providers that could provide it. Providers that lack an established reputation are marginalized by users. This paper presents Friticores, a RSS feed monitoring and dissemination system that addresses both issues. With respect to providers, it stands as a dissemination system that makes each information update visible to all interested users. With respect to consumers, Friticores extends the traditional RSS feed service with filtering service and virtual feeds. The key contributions presented comprise the architecture of the system and the services offered to both consumers and providers, a partitioned persistent representation of feeds, and a distributed index scheme

    Accompagnement des Entrepreneurs et Performance Post Création des Petites Entreprises Camerounaises et Sénégalaises

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    Cette recherche analyse le rÎle des structures d'accompagnement dans l'acquisition et le développement des compétences des entrepreneurs et dirigeants de petites entreprises camerounaises et sénégalaises. Aussi avons-nous utilisé une approche méthodologique qualitative et quantitative pour mener successivement une étude exploratoire du marché de l'accompagnement, et une étude empirique de la relation structures d'accompagnement, compétences des entrepreneurs et performance des petites entreprises camerounaises et sénégalaises en phase de démarrage

    FreeCore : Un substrat d'indexation des filtres de Bloom fragmentés pour la recherche par mots clés

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    National audienceLe support efficace de la recherche par mots clés est essentiel pour une bonne exploitation des réseaux de stockage pair-à-pair structurés. Un nombre important de solutions existent dans la littérature, toutefois elles sont confrontées aux problÚmes de performance inhérents au schéma d'indexation mis en oeuvre. Ce papier présente FreeCore, un substrat d'indexation de filtres de Bloomfragmentés et de recherche par mots clés. Les contributions de ce travail sont au nombre de trois. La réalisation d'un systÚme de stockage offrant une interface qui permet d'associer une description à chaque contenu. La clé de stockage d'un contenu est déterminée à partir du filtre de Bloom de sa description. Cette facilité permet de ramener la recherche par mots clés au problÚme de recherche des clés de stockage qui matchent un filtre de Bloom. En second lieu, la construction d'un index distribué dont le coût de maintenance est indépendant du nombre de mots clés fournis lors d'une publication. Enfin, une méthode de recherche d'information à base de mots clés dont le coût est indépendant du nombre de mots clés fournis. Les propriétés découlant des choix opérés et les résultats des évaluations font de FreeCore une brique de base pour des applications et systÚmes désirant un support efficace de la recherche par mots clés

    Effet de la mycorhization et de la salinité sur la croissance, les réponses biochimiques et la productivité de Jatropha curcas L., cultivée sous serre

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    Une Ă©tude sous serre a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e afin de dĂ©terminer les effets de diffĂ©rentes concentrations de salinitĂ© sur la culture d’une provenance locale de Jatropha (Nioro) inoculĂ©e avec trois souches de champignons mycorhiziens. AprĂšs six semaines de repiquage, les plants Ă©taient soumis Ă  un stress salin pendant soixante quatorze (74) jours. Des mesures avaient Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur la croissance et la biomasse des plants et desanalyses rĂ©alisĂ©es sur l’accumulation de sodium et la teneur relative en eau des feuilles. Les rĂ©sultats montraient aussi qu’en prĂ©sence de la mycorhization, Jatropha tolĂ©rait mieux la salinitĂ© jusqu’à 300 mM desalinitĂ© et d’eau de mer diluĂ©e (50% EM). A des concentrations de 400 mM et d’eau de mer pure (100% EM), les plants n’étaient plus dĂ©pendants de la mycorhization. Les observations montraient Ă©galement que labiomasse des plants inoculĂ©s Ă©tait gĂ©nĂ©ralement plus Ă©levĂ©e que les plants non inoculĂ©s et l’accumulation de sodium qui est nĂ©gativement corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  la teneur relative en eau des feuilles rĂ©vĂ©lait que les champignons pouvaient aider Jatropha Ă  ajuster sa physiologie pour attĂ©nuer le stress et par consĂ©quent amĂ©liorer sa croissance et sa productivitĂ©

    Carriers Density in Function to Silicon Solar Cell Paremeters Involving Excitons Effects

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    Abstract In this work, we have studied the variations of excess minority carriers density in the base in function to some parameters to the silicon solar cell taking into account excitons effects. To do this, we have taken the expressions of excess electrons density in the base obtained by resolution of the differential equations of charge transport in static condition, the study of here variations are done in function to some cell parameters such as the binding coefficient between electrons and excitons and the base thickness in strong coupling. The profile of the excess electron variation in function to the base thickness for a strong coupling shows that, at the base junction, he is independent to the binding coefficient. This invariance is done to the intervention of the electric field that prevails in the depletion region which dissociates almost all excitons arriving at the junction. In depth, a strong coupling coefficient decreases the excess minority carriers density due to recombination that occur with excitons. The excess electrons density variation enabled us to know that when the coupling is strong, the doping level decreases the electrons density caused by the increase of recombination region due to the introduction of many impurities

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    SPT – Summary Prefix Tree: An over DHT Indexing Data Structure for Efficient Superset Search

    Get PDF
    This paper presents the summary prefix tree (SPT), a trie data structure that supports efficient superset searches over DHT. Each document is summarized by a Bloom filter which is then used by SPT to index this document. SPT implements an hybrid lookup procedure that is well-adapted to sparse indexing keys such as Bloom filters. We also propose a mapping function that permits to mitigate the impact of the skewness of SPT due to the sparsity of Bloom filters, especially when they contain only few words. To perform superset searches, SPT maintains on each node a local view of the global tree. The main contributions are the following. First, the approximation of the superset relationship among keyword-sets by the descendant relationship among Bloom filters. Second, the use of a summary prefix tree, a trie indexing data structure, for keyword-based search over DHT. Third, a hybrid lookup procedure which exploits the sparsity of Bloom filters to offer good performances. Finally, an algorithm that exploits SPT to efficiently find descriptions that are supersets of query keywords.Cet article prĂ©sente un arbre de prĂ©fixes SPT, une structure de donnĂ©es qui permet de rĂ©aliser efficacement des recherches de sur-ensemble sur DHT. Chaque document est rĂ©sumĂ© par un filtre Bloom qui est ensuite utilisĂ© par SPT pour indexer ce document. SPT implĂ©mente une procĂ©dure de recherche hybride qui est bien adaptĂ©e aux clĂ©s d'indexation Ă©parses telles que les filtres Bloom. Nous proposons aussi une fonction de mapping qui attĂ©nue l'impact de l'asymĂ©trie de SPT en raison de la raretĂ© des bit 1 dans les filtres de Bloom, surtout lorsqu'ils ne contiennent que peu de mots. Pour effectuer des recherches de sur-ensemble, SPT maintient sur chaque noeud une vue locale de l'arbre global. Les principales contributions sont les suivantes. PremiĂšrement, l'approximation de la relation de sur-ensemble entre les ensembles de mots-clĂ©s par la relation descendance entre les filtres Bloom. DeuxiĂšmement, l'utilisation d'un arbre de prĂ©fixes (SPT), une structure d'indexation de donnĂ©es pour la recherche par mot-clĂ© sur DHT. TroisiĂšmement, une procĂ©dure de recherche hybride qui exploite la nature Ă©parse des filtres Bloom pour offrir de bonnes performances. Enfin, un algorithme qui exploite SPT pour trouver efficacement des descriptions qui sont des sur-ensembles d'une requĂȘte de mots-clĂ©s

    Chapitre 12. Amélioration des pratiques culturales du sorgho de décrue dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal

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    Introduction Le sorgho de dĂ©crue est cultivĂ© dans les cuvettes inondables de la moyenne vallĂ©e du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal (fig. 1) pendant la saison sĂšche fraĂźche aprĂšs le retrait des eaux de crue du fleuve. Pour cette culture pratiquĂ©e traditionnellement sans irrigation et avec peu d’intrants, les rendements sont faibles, de l’ordre de 500 kg/ha. Les recherches prĂ©sentĂ©es dans ce chapitre menĂ©es dans le cadre des projets WAAPP, AFD-DĂ©crue et Agricora visaient à : 1) collecter des informations actuali..

    Paradoxe d'évaporation dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal

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    The increase in temperatures in a context of climate change should be accompanied by an increase in evaporation or evapotranspiration (ET0). However, studies have shown a decrease in evaporation (or evapotranspiration) in certain regions of the world. This contrast between the decrease in evaporation and the increase in temperature, which varies according to the climatic zones, is known as the "evaporation paradox". The objective of this work is to examine the causes in the climatic context of the Senegal River Valley. The climatic data (evaporation, rain, temperature, relative humidity, insolation) observed at the stations of Bakel, Podor, Matam and Saint-Louis were used over the period 1981-2015. The methodology includes: 1/ the detection of ruptures by the PETTITT test, 2/ the analysis of the relationship between evaporation / evapotranspiration and climatic variables by the PEARSON correlation test, 3/ the detection of trends in Evaporation / ET0 and climate variables by the MANN-KENDALL test and SEN’s slope. The breaks in evaporation and evapotranspiration are respectively identified in the 1990s and 2000s. The PEARSON correlation shows that evaporation and ET0 have their strongest relationship with the relative humidity. MANN-KENDALL's test reveals a significant decrease (p-value ˂ 0.001) in evaporation and a mixed trend (decrease and increase) in reference evapotranspiration. This decrease in evaporation, combined with a significant increase in temperature, highlights the existence of an evaporation paradox in the Senegal river valley. This evaporation paradox is explained here by the significant increase in relative humidity and rainfall, but also by the significant decrease in sunshine hours
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