The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on longevity using the United Kingdom primary care electronic health records

Previous researchers have mainly focused on pharmacosurveillance outcomes on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and there is limited literature on studies that the impact of T2DM on longevity compared to non-diabetics in the United Kingdom (UK). Several of these pharmacosurveillance studies were clinical trials which with fewer selected recruited patients. Data collected from routine electronic health records (EHR) could provide insights in longevity in the general population as opposed to selected people. The primary aims of this study were to investigate how incidence of T2DM affects longevity in the residents of the UK adjusting for several risk factors at entry into the study. This was followed by translating the resultant model into a life expectancy model for comparisons of survival prospect between people with and without T2DM. Medical records from 2000 to 2016, inclusive, from general practice (GP) contributing to The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database were used to develop three specific models: two performed to estimate the hazard of all-cause mortality associated with T2DM taking into account age at diagnosis (grouped and continuous age) using time-to-event as time-scale and the third to calculate the life expectancy with age as time-scale. The models were multilevel Gompertz-double-Cox with frailty regressions adjusting for socio-demographics, comorbidities and lifestyle factors. Accurately estimated life expectancies could inform future medical management by clinicians and financial planning by individuals, actuaries, insurance stakeholders and government on social security, such as retirement and life insurance. The research found that the hazards associated with T2DM were reduced than findings in previous studies. The years of life lost to a person in medium deprived area due to T2DM after adjusted for birth cohort and age at diagnosis was between 0.1 and 6 years

Procedures for searching evidence in the investigation of computer-related crime in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Text in EnglishThe continued advancement in myriad technological, societal and legal issues has affected the investigation of computer aided crimes. The investigators are confronted with tremendous impediments as the computer aided and traditional crime scenes differ. The study sought to analyse the procedures for searching evidence in the investigation of computer-related crime with the intention to improve admissibility of such evidence. The researcher employed empirical design to reach conclusions based upon evidence collected from observations and real life experiences. This aided the researcher to obtain information through face-to-face interviews. The study was qualitative in approach as it consisted of a set of interpretive and material practices that make the real social world visible. The training curriculum for investigators should include aspects of computer-related crime investigation, search and seizure of computer evidence. Search and collection of computer-related evidence should be done preferably by qualified forensic experts, so that evidence is accepted in court.Police PracticeM. Tech. (Forensic Investigation

On the survival of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom:A retrospective matched cohort study

Aims: To estimate long-term hazards of all-cause mortality following a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using electronic primary care data. Methods: Retrospective matched cohort study using electronic health records from THIN primary care database. Individuals born between 1930 and 1960, diagnosed with T2DM between 2000 and 2016 and aged 50–74 years were selected and followed up to 1 January 2017. Individuals with pre-existing selected severe medical conditions were excluded. The Gompertz-double-Cox model was used to estimate all-cause mortality hazards, adjusting for medical history, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Results: A total of 221 182 (57.6% Males, 30.8% T2DM) individuals were selected for the study of whom 29 618 (13.4%) died during follow-up. The adjusted mortality hazard of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was estimated to be 1.21[1.12–1.3] and 1.52[1.44–1.6] among individuals diagnosed at 50–59 years and 60–74 years, respectively, compared to controls. Compared to the 1930–39 birth cohort, all-cause mortality hazards were reduced in the 1940–49 cohort, but increased at older ages in the 1950–60 birth cohort for both cases and controls. Conclusion: These hazards associated with T2DM which increase with age at diagnosis are constant across all birth cohorts demonstrating a lack of progress over time in reducing the relative risks of all-cause mortality associated with T2DM. A further study that includes people born after 1960 is needed to fully understand the emerging higher mortality hazards among the younger birth cohorts

Ukuhlolwa kokudlwengulwa okungabikwanga Esifundeni Sasemaphandleni eLupane, eZimbabwe

The study explores unreported incidents of rape among women in the Lupane rural district area in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. The inherently inductive qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and narrative design steered the study. The problem is that cultural norms in Lupane rural district seem to empower men to the extent of societal acceptance of sexual abuse of women in several manners. The question is, what prevents these women from coming forward to report rape, not only to the police but also to receive any other help. In this study, qualitative, rich data was collected from a purposively selected target of resettlement villages that consisted of villagers and their village heads using convenience sampling. Purposive sampling was also used to choose NGOs registered as service organisations. Narrative unstructured face-to-face interviews were used to gather information in the participants’ village environment or working environments where suitable. Bracketing was applied to mitigate the possibly damaging effects of biases that may flaw the research process. Data analysis comprised of analysing data for stories in the Ndebele language, retelling stories and, chronologically developing themes. QSR Nvivo 9 data management software was used to analyse data, and this technique was founded upon three levels of meaning. In the study findings, five themes and subthemes emerged as barriers to unreported rape, recorded as social and cultural factors, societal and structural factors, psychosocial factors, economic factors, and awareness factors. A narrative study does not lend itself to recommendations; it will be impertinent to the culture; therefore, new conversations were initiated based on the five themes. The conversations inspire culturally sensitive awareness and improve reporting of rape cases by women.Isifundo lesi sihlolisisa izehlakalo ezingabikwa zokubhinywa kwabesifazane endaweni yaseLupane esemaphandleni eMatabeleland North, eZimbabwe. Umklamo wekhwalithi, wokuhlola, wokuchaza lokulandisa owenziwe ngokwemvelo uqondise lesi isifundo. Uhlupho yikuthi imikhuba yamasiko endaweni yaseLupane esemaphandleni ibonakala inika abesilisa amandla okwemukeleka emphakathini ukutshaphazwa kwabantu besifazane ngendlela ezinengi kanti umbuzo uthi kuyini okuvimbela laba besifazane ukuthi beze bazobika ngokubhinywa, hatshi emapholiseni kuphela kodwa futhi ngaloba yiluphi olunye usizo. Kulesi sifundo idatha ejiyileyo esendaweni efaneleyo yaqoqwa kusuka kunhloso ekhethwe ngenhloso yendawo zokuhlala kakutsha ezazilabantu basemakhaya kanye labosabhuku kusetshenziswa isampula elula. Ukwenza isampula ngenhloso kusetshenzisiwe ukukhetha ama-NGO abhaliswe njengenhlangano yensizakalo kusetshenziswa ukuxoxisana okungahlelwanga kobuso lobuso kwasetshenziswa ukuqoqa imininingwane endaweni yabahlanganyeli yendawo loba endaweni zokusebenza lapho okufanele khona. Kusetshenziswe imigoqo ukunciphisa indlela ezingaba yingozi engenza ukuqhubeka kwesifundo kube kubi. Ukuhlaziya kwedatha kuqukethe ukuhlaziya kwedatha yendaba ngolimi lwesiNdebele, ukubalisa izindaba, ukuthuthukisa izingqikithi usebenzisa ukulandelana kwesikhathi. Isoftware ye-QSR Nvivo 9 yokuphathwa kwedatha isetshenziswe ukuphenya idatha futhi le ndlela yasekelwa endaweni ezintathu zencazelo. Ezifundweni kutholwe izingqikithi ezinhlanu lama-subthemes njengezithiyo zokubhinywa okungabikwa okurekhodwe njengezi: ezenhlalo lezamasiko, izici zomphakathi lezakhiwo, izinto ezingokwengqondo, ezomnotho, lezici zokwazisa. Isifundo sokulandisa asiziniki izincomo, ngoba luzabe lungahambisani lamasiko ngakho isifundi sisungule ingxoxo ezintsha ezisekelwe endikimbeni ezinhlanu. Ingxoxo zingagqugquzela ukwazisa ngamasiko futhi zithuthukise ukubikwa kwamacala okubhinywa kwabesifazane.Lolu cwaningo ludingida izehlakalo zokudlwengulwa kwabesifazane ezingakabikwa esifundeni sasemaphandleni eLupane eNyakatho yeMatabeleland eZimbabwe. Indlela yokucabanga ngokwemvelo, esezingeni eliphezulu, ehlolayo, echazayo, nelandisayo iqondise ucwaningo. Inkinga wukuthi izinkambiso zamasiko esifundeni sasemaphandleni eLupane ibonakala inikeza amadoda amandla ukuthi avume emphakathini ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazana ngezindlela eziningi. Umbuzo uthi yini evimbela laba besifazane ukuthi baphumele obala bezobika ngokudlwengulwa, hhayi emaphoyiseni kuphela kodwa bathole olunye usizo. Kulolu cwaningo, imininingwane ecebile yemibuzo, yenhlolokhono, noma yokubuka yaqoqwa kulokho okuhlosiwe okukhethiwe ezindaweni zokuhlaliswa kabusha, okwakuhlanganisa izakhamuzi kanye nezinhloko zesigodi, kusetshenziswa amasampula alula. Ukusampula okuhlosiwe nakho kwasetshenziswa ekukhetheni ama-NGO abhaliswe njengezinhlangano zensizakalo. Izingxoxo zobuso nobuso ezilandisayo ezingahlelekile zasetshenziswa ukuze kuqoqwe ulwazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zabahlanganyeli noma ezindaweni zokusebenza lapho kufaneleka khona. Ukufakwa kubakaki kwasetshenziswa ukuze kwehliswe imithelela engase ibe yingozi yokuchema engase iphazamise inqubo yocwaningo. Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya imininingwane yezindaba zolimi lwesiNdebele, ukuxoxa kabusha izindaba kanye nezindikimba ezikhula ngokulandelana kwazo. Isofthiwe yokuphatha imininingwane ye-QSR NVivo 9 yasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya imininingwane, futhi le nqubo yasungulwa emazingeni amathathu encazelo. Kokutholwe ocwaningweni, izindikimba ezinhlanu nezindikinjana zavela njengezithiyo zokudlwengulwa okungabikwanga, eziqoshwe njengezici zezenhlalo namasiko, izici zomphakathi nesakhiwo, izici zengqondo, izici zezomnotho, nezici zokuqwashisa. Ucwaningo lokulandisa aluzinikezi iziphakamiso njengoba luzobe lungahambisani nesiko; ngakho-ke, izingxoxo ezintsha zaqalwa ngokusekelwe ezindikimbeni ezinhlanu. Izingxoxo zigqugquzela ukuqwashisa okubucayi ngamasiko futhi zithuthukise ukubikwa kwamacala okudlwengula ngabesifazane.Criminology and Security SciencePh. D. (Criminal Justice