Environmental Pollution and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries

Environmental Pollution is cost of economic growth via increased industrialisation, urbanisation, mechanisation, use of fertiliser and pesticides in agriculture and mismanagement to dump human waste, especially in developing countries, where environmental laws usually are relatively less strict. Hence growth and pollution are positively linked in developing countries expectedly. Sustainable development may be defined as continuous increase in the socio-economic standard of living of a country‘s population, normally accomplished by improving the quality of its physical and human capital. The research‘s foremost objective is the generation of environmental pollution index that incorporate various production and consumption side indicators that are majorly responsible for pollution. While, the at-most objective of the study is to examine the causal relationship between the generated pollution index and human development through a panelcausality analysis using a panel of 32developing countries over the period 2000-2013. JEL Classification:Q2, Q3, Q4, O13 Keywords:Pollution Indices, HDI, Renewable Energy, Panel Causality, Sustainable Developmen

Sustainability of Urban Regions and Migration in Pakistan: A GIS Analysis

The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the nation generally. Therefore, in the national policy framework, migration policies should appear as an integral part

BANKING AND TELECOMMUNICATION INFLUENCING MIGRATION IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN

The paper is designed to present the descriptive as well as, the empirical analysis for investigating links between the growing investments and flow of migration towards major cities of Pakistan. Specifically, study explores the link of foreign investment in banking, telecommunication and migration. The descriptive analysis is confined to a single year (2013) while empirical analysis is spread over a time span from 2005 to 2013. The descriptive results show that more migration inflow is experienced by cities with greater Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) index values. The empirical results are in line with strands of theory and expectations of the study with all variables bearing correct signs. The core variables Foreign Banks’ Branches (FB) and Foreign Telecommunication Franchises (FTF), proxies for FDI inflow are highly significant, strengthening the hypothesis that FDI and migration are complement to each other

Impact of FDI on Import Demand and Export Supply Functions of Pakistan: An Econometric Approach

FDI tends to increase the host country’s imports, because Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) often have a high tendency to import intermediate inputs, capital goods and services that are not readily available in the recipient countries as well as it also affect exports from the export supply side. We investigated the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and imports demand as well as between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports supply of Pakistan for the time span of 37 years range from 1973 to 2009. Our analysis emphasized on the existence of long run equilibrium relationship between FDI and imports demand & exports supply of Pakistan using econometric techniques (Co-integration Analysis and Error correction mechanism). The co-integration analysis of import demand showed stable long run equilibrium relation-ship between real import and FDI results of export expressed that FDI has positive relation with real exports in the long run, but the coefficient is statistically insignificant. It suggested that the inflow of FDI has largely been directed toward import-substitution industries or production for the domestic market while little has gone toward export-oriented industries. That is long run policies will be fruitful to be implemented. While the short term dynamics as analyzed by the error correction mechanism (ECM) revealed that the short term discrepancies were significant enough to not to converge toward equilibrium and will require a longer time to adjust back in both model. Unilateral causality was detected between real imports (RIM) and FDI which was established both by theoreti