Simultaneous Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Milk Samples by Ion Chromatography Method and Estimation of Dietary Intake

The presence of nitrate and nitrite in foods may be considered hazardous after ingestion in the gastrointestinal tract due to their reaction with naturally occurred secondary amines to form potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines. Due to this fact, a new method was developed in this study for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in milk samples using by ion chromatography. Proposed mobile phase composed of sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate (1.0 and 3.2 mmol/L) with a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. The average recoveries for nitrate and nitrite were higher than 86 and 88, respectively. The limit of detection for nitrate and nitrite were 0.24 and 0.09 mg/L, respectively. The results of 102 real milk samples showed nitrate was found in all of the samples (100) with a mean of 34 ± 11 mg/L, while nitrite was found in none of the samples. The mean intake of nitrate in all age groups was lower than World Health Organization guideline. The present assessment concludes that the maximum contaminant level was equal to 82.8 mg/L nitrate. This method was fast, sensitive and accurate and is capable of being an alternative method in food control laboratories for investigation of nitrite and nitrate content. This is the first study of the determination and survey of nitrite and nitrate and exposure assessment of the Iranian population to nitrite and nitrate level in milk, which was widely used in infants and adolescents as one of the basic food components. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori urease with non and semi fermented Camellia sinensis

Purpose: Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent in duodenal and peptic ulcers. The growing problem of antibiotic resistance by the organism demands the search for novel compounds, especially from natural sources. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Camellia sinensis extracts on the urease enzyme that is a major colonization factor for H. pylori. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of nonfermented and semifermented C. sinensis methanol: water extracts were assessed by broth dilution method. Examination of the urease function was performed by Mc Laren method, and urease production was detected on 12% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from whole cell and membrane bound proteins. Results: Both extracts had inhibitory effects against H. pylori and urease production. At a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml of nonfermented extract and 3.5 mg/ml of semifermented extract the production of Ure A and Ure B subunits of the urease enzyme were inhibited completely. A concentration of 4 mg/ml of nonfermented and 5.5 mg/ml of semifermented extract were bactericidal for H. pylori. Conclusions: C. sinensis extracts, especially the nonfermented, could reduce H. pylori population and inhibit urease production at lower concentrations. The superior effect of nonfermented extract is due to its rich polyphenolic compounds and catechin contents

Evaluation of preoperative anxiety and stress, and ways to modify it, the patients in Kashani hospital operating room in 2013

زمینه و هدف: با وجودی که در عصر حاضر بی هوشی و جراحی نسبت به گذشته کم عارضه تر و موفقیت آمیز تر شده است، ولی اضطراب قبل از عمل جراحی همچنان به قوت خود باقی است. اضطراب نوعی تشویش و نگرانی است که به دنبال وجود نوعی احساس تهدید یا خطر در فرد ایجاد می شود و می تواند در کاهش یا افزایش توانایی درک فرد، موثر باشد. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی عوامل اضطراب و استرس قبل از عمل جراحی و راه های تعدیل آن در بیماران جراحی شده انجام شده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه ی توصیفی در سال 1392 بر روی 120 بیمار جراحی شده در اتاق عمل بیمارستان کاشانی شهرکرد انجام گرفت. افراد به روش تصادفی سیستماتیک انتخاب شدند. جهت سنجش اضطراب، از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. یافته ها: بیشترین میزان اضطراب مربوط به نگرانی های قبل از عمل جراحی (13/15)، عوامل تنش زا و مراقبت انجام شده در بخش (12/19)، عوامل تنش زا در رابطه با کارکنان اتاق عمل (10/35) و عوامل تنیدگی آور محیط فیزیکی اتاق عمل (7/26) بوده است. نتیجه گیری: یافته های نهایی این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که با شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر اضطراب قبل از عمل و رفع آن ها می توان میزان اضطراب قبل از عمل را به حداقل رساند؛ لذا پیشنهاد می گردد با به کارگیری روش های متنوع جهت آموزش بیماران و مشخص کردن برنامه مدون آموزشی در جهت رفع عوامل موثر بر اضطراب اقدام گردد

Molecular investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated in Shahrekord training hospitals

زمینه و هدف: استافیلوکوکوس های کوآگولاز منفی یکی از مهم ترین عوامل عفونت های بیمارستانی هستند. مقاومت به متی- سیلین در این گروه از باکتری ها مشاهده شده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی و مقایسه مقاومت به متی سیلین به دو روش فنوتیپی و ژنوتیپی در باکتری های استافیلوکوکوس اپیدرمیدیس و استافیلوکوکوس ساپروفیتیکوس جدا شده از نمونه های بیمارستان های آموزشی شهرکرد طراحی و اجرا گردید. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی تعداد 2900 نمونه مختلف شامل خون، ادرار و غیره از بیماران بستری در بیمارستان‌ های هاجر (س) و آیت الله کاشانی شهرکرد از آذر ماه سال 1391 تا مهر ماه سال 1392 جمع آوری شد؛ سپس با انجام آزمایشات میکروبیولوژی، تعداد 150 ایزوله استافیلوکوکوس های کوآگولاز منفی انتخاب شد. در مرحله بعد به طور همزمان مقاومت فنوتیپی به روش انتشار از دیسک (Disk diffusion) و مقاومت ژنوتیپی (ژن مقاومت به متی سیلین) با روش واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز بررسی گردید. یافته ها: از بین 150 ایزوله مورد بررسی، در بررسی فنوتیپی 70 ایزوله (66/46 درصد با فاصله اطمینان 95 درصد برابر با 98/54-49/38 درصد) و در بررسی ژنوتیپی 64 ایزوله (66/42 درصد با فاصله اطمینان 95 درصد برابر با 51-63/34 درصد) به متی سیلین مقاوم بودند. توزیع مقاومت فنوتیپی و مقاومت ژنوتیپی در دو بیمارستان مورد مطالعه برابر بود. نتیجه گیری: نتایج ژنوتیپی نشانگر حضور ژن مقاومت به متی سیلین می‌باشد. بررسی ژنوتیپی به کمک واکنش زنجیره پلیمراز مرکب، ابزاری مطمئن برای نشان دادن میزان مقاومت به متی سیلین در استافیلوکوکوس های اپیدرمیدیس و ساپروفیتیکوس می باشد

Acute LC50 and bioconcentration of mercury chloride in Rutilus frisii kutum

To determine the acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercuric chloride in Rutilus fidisii kutum, specimens of the fish were exposed to various concentrations of the chemical in water. We carried out ten treatments with three replicates and one control for each of the chemicals using the static 0.E.C.D. method in 55 liter tanks each containing 14 fingerlings. During the experiments, the average pH was recorded as 7.8, total hardness was measured to be 255 mel, average water temperature was 27±1 degrees centigrade and dissolved oxygen was 7.2 mg/l. Mean LC50 values of Hgcli for juvenile R. fish kutum with mean weight 1± 0.2 grams were 0.102 and 0.086 mg HO at 24h and 96h, respectively. The bioaccumulation values during 24h in muscle tissue, kidney and gill were 1.55, 16.1 and 22.7 mg He respectively. The values during 96h exposure were 2.8, 16.8 and 26.65 mg He in tissue, kidney and gill respectively. The bioconcentration values for muscle tissue, kidney and gill during the first 24h were 14.75, 153.39 and 216.11 after 96h were 33.8, 198.1 and 313.5 times that of the environment. These results show the bioaccumulation to be the highest in gill followed by kidney and muscle tissue. The study suggested direct relationship between mercury concentration in and its bioaccumulation in the fish organs tissue

Relationship of some risk factors and symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the major causes of death in the worldwide. Clinical manifestations are different. So it's necessary to have knowledge about the types of symptoms experienced by patients with ACS. This study was performed to assay the Relationship of some risk factors and symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome. This cross-sectional study, were studied 294 patients with acute coronary syndrome at least 24 hours after admission had survived. Data was collected by a questionnaire that included demographic data form and check list of some symptoms and history of risk factors. There was a significant relationship between STEMI with vomiting (OR=1.94) and anxiety (OR=1.83) and UA with vomiting (OR=0.42). Between sex with weakness (OR=2.29) and anxiety (OR=1.82), diabetes with dyspenea (OR=1.8), weakness (OR=1.02) and tinnitus (OR=2.06) and hyperlipidemia with weakness (OR=2.35) and tinnitus (OR=2.49) was available significant difference. The findings of this study indicate that the appearance of symptoms of acute coronary syndrome were different as for ECG changes and risk factors, and more focused on those symptoms that they are common with any other diseases. Since, many of the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can be potentially dangerous and life threatening, accurate diagnosis and timely action is crucial for the patients

Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Reducing Symptoms of Depression in Women

زمینه و هدف: درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور یکی از انواع درمان‌های متداول در کاهش مشکلات روانشناختی از جمله افسردگی در بین درمانگران و مشاوران خانواده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر بخشی درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور بر کاهش نشانگان افسردگی زنان طراحی شد. روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی و از روش پیش آزمون- پس آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه این پژوهش شامل کلیه زنانی بودند که با مشکل افسردگی به مرکز همیاران سلامت روان شهر بجنورد تحت نظارت سازمان بهزیستی خراسان شمالی در سال 1392 مراجعه نموده اند و بر اساس مصاحبه بالینی و تشخیصی، افسردگی در مورد آنها تشخیص داده شده بود. با استفاده از نمونه گیری در دسترس، 20 نفر از زنان بعنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و با گمارش تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه افسردگی بک (Beck) بود که توسط آزمودنی‌ها در مراحل پیش آزمون، پس آزمون و پیگیری تکمیل گردید. درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور در 6 جلسه 5/1 ساعته برای آزمودنی‌های گروه آزمایش برگزار شد اما برای گروه کنترل مداخله‌ای ارایه نگردید. داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از نرم افزار SPSS و به روش تحلیل کوواریانس تک متغیره مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرارگرفتند. یافته‌ها: نتایج کاهش معنادار نمرات افسردگی زنان گروه آزمایش را در مراحل پس آزمون و پیگیری نسبت به گروه کنترل نشان داد. یافته ها حاکی از آن بود که درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور باعث کاهش علایم افسردگی زنان گروه مداخله شده و نتایج در دوره پیگیری نیز از ثبات لازم برخوردار بوده است (001/0 >P). نتیجه گیری: درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور بر کاهش افسردگی موثر است. مشاوران و روان درمانگران می‌توانند از این رویکرد درمانی موثر و کارآمد جهت حل مشکلات روانشناختی مراجعان بهره ببرند

Genetic variations of Iranian and French stocks of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss is the most important cold water farmed fish as a nonindigenous species in Iran. Eyed eggs have been imported from different countries to Iran. In this study, genetic diversity of 50 fish (male and female) from Iranian generation and 24 fish from French generation were evaluated. Six microsatellite markers including OMM1019 ،OMM1036 ،OMM1307 ، OmyFGT5TU ،Omy77DU and Omy207UoG were applied. Average number of observed alleles in the Iranian and the French stocks were 6.68 and 6.83, respectively. Average number of effective alleles in the Iranian and French stocks were 3.13 and 3.45, respectively. Mean expected and observed heterozygosis was 0.68, 0.53 and 0.71, 0.61 in Iranian and French stocks, respectively. The results showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the most of loci × stock. Fixation index Fst calculated based on allelic frequency between two stocks was 0.058 with significant difference between 2 stocks. The results of this study showed insignificant genetic differentiation based on six microsatellite loci

Volatile components of Camellia sinensis inhibit growth and biofilm formation of oral streptococci in vitro

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of semi fermented and non fermented Camellia sinensis extracts (Black and Green tea) and comparison between them against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, S. mitis ATCC 9811 and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 that are responsible for dental caries and bacteremias following dental manipulations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of both tea extracts were assessed by Well diffusion and Broth dilution methods and examination of cell adherence (Biofilm inhibitory concentrations) was observed on glass slides under phase contrast microscope and colony counts from glass beads. Concentration of 1 mg mL-1 of semi fermented tea extract was completely biofilm inhibitor but biofilm formation by these bacteria was seen 7 days after treatment with 1 mg mL-1 of non fermented Camellia sinensis on glass beads and BIC for oral streptococci treated with this extract was 1.5, 2.5 mg mL-1 of semi fermented and 3 mg mL-1 of non fermented extracts had bactericidal effect on these bacteria. Semi fermented and non fermented Camellia sinensis extracts were able to prevent growth of oral streptococci. Therefore dental caries significantly reduce and the efficiency of semi fermented tea was higher due to rich content of volatile components rather than non fermented extracts. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information