Avaliação das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, metabólicas, marcadores inflamatórios e dos polimorfismos genéticos da APOB e da ECA, em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana e/ou fatores de risco submetidos ao treinamento físico intervalado

Interval training (IT), combined with pharmacological therapy, has been strongly recommended for the management of coronary artery disease (CAD) and control of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the best protocol to be used it is still unclear. In this regard, the IT protocols based on ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) can be an effective and safe strategy to prescribe the intensity of the exercise training as well as to promote improvement of the aerobic functional capacity, metabolic profile, cardiac autonomic modulation and to reduce inflammatory markers. Moreover, the adaptive responses to IT may differ between individuals. Part of this biological variability may be explained by the genetic polymorphisms involved in the synthesis of structural proteins or on the circulation enzymes. Based on this context, this thesis involved three studies. The first and second studies were conducted to investigate if the IT, based on intensities between 70 and 110% of the workload obtained in the VAT, could be effective to improve functional aerobic capacity and metabolic profile. Moreover, it was investigated if there was a relationship between the improvement in cardiac autonomic modulation with the reduction of the Creactive protein (CRP) in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. The results of the first study showed that the IT program increased aerobic functional capacity and reduced body mass and body mass index. The second study found that after the IT program, there was an increase of the parasympathetic autonomic modulation that was associated with a reduction in CRP levels. Given these findings, the third study was designed to investigate the improvement of the functional aerobic capacity and changes in lipid profile induced by IT, in relation to the apolipoprotein B (APOB) and the angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) genes polymorphisms. In this study, it was observed that the increase of the functional aerobic capacity was associated with the presence of the ACE I allele, whereas patients with polymorphism -7673G>A, in the APOB gene, presented increase of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels over time. Considering the findings from these studies, the IT protocol promoted improvement of cardiac autonomic modulation, increase of aerobic functional capacity, reduction of inflammation e improvement of metabolic profile. These benefits on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems contribute to control of cardiovascular risk factors and primary and secondary prevention of CAD. Moreover, this IT protocol provides new possibilities on cardiac rehabilitation field, with respect to exercise training prescription at the VAT level.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)O treinamento físico intervalado (TFI) tem sido fortemente recomendado, combinado com a terapia farmacológica, para o manejo da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, ainda há controvérsias com relação ao melhor protocolo a ser utilizado. Neste sentido, os protocolos de TFI preconizados a partir do limiar de anaerobiose ventilatório (LAV) pode ser uma estratégia efetiva e segura para determinar a intensidade de treinamento físico, além de ser capaz de promover melhora da capacidade funcional aeróbia, do perfil metabólico, da modulação autonômica cardíaca e redução de marcadores inflamatórios. Além disso, as respostas adaptativas promovidas pelo TFI podem diferir entre os indivíduos. Parte dessa variabilidade biológica pode ser explicada pelos polimorfismos genéticos envolvidos na síntese de proteínas estruturais e enzimas circulantes. Baseado neste contexto, esta tese envolveu três estudos. O primeiro e o segundo estudo foram conduzidos para investigar se o TFI, baseado em intensidades entre 70 a 110% da potência obtida no LAV, pode ser uma estratégia que contribua efetivamente para o ganho da capacidade funcional aeróbia e melhora do perfil metabólico; e se há uma relação entre a melhora da modulação autonômica da frequência com a redução da proteína C-reativa (PCR-us) em pacientes com DAC e/ou fatores de risco cardiovascular. Os resultados do primeiro estudo mostram que, o programa de TFI promoveu aumento da capacidade funcional aeróbia e redução da massa corporal e do índice de massa corporal. Já o segundo estudo, verificou que aumento da modulação autonômica parassimpática foi associado com a redução dos níveis de PCR-us após o programa de TFI. Diante desses achados, o terceiro estudo foi dedicado no sentido de investigar a melhora da capacidade funcional aeróbia e as mudanças do perfil lipídico, frente ao TFI, em relação aos polimorfismos do gene da apolipoproteína B (APOB) e da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA). Neste estudo, foi observado que o aumento da capacidade funcional aeróbia foi associado com a presença do alelo I do gene da ECA, enquanto que o aumento dos níveis da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), ao longo do tempo, foi evidenciado nos pacientes com o polimorfismo -7673G>A do gene da APOB. Considerando os achados apresentados nos três estudos, o TFI proposto promoveu melhora da modulação autonômica cardíaca, aumento da capacidade funcional aeróbia, redução da inflamação e melhora do perfil metabólico. Tais benefícios sobre o sistema cardiovascular e metabólico contribuem efetivamente o controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, uma vez que a atenção primária à saúde tem se tornado uma estratégia efetiva para o manejo da DAC. Além disso, o protocolo de TFI vislumbra novas possibilidades para a reabilitação cardíaca no que concerne a prescrição do TFI individualizado

Evaluation of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique by the Kabat method on functional aerobic capacity of sedentary men

The objective of the present study was to compare the influence of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) technique, utilizing diagonal patterns of the Kabat method for upper limbs (UL) on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during a ramp-type ergospirometry test with (R-ET). 9 healthy sedentary men, were subjected to complete ckeck-up and R-ET on a cycloergometer, with power increments of 20W/min until physical exhaustion, before and after an eight-week intervention period. Ventilatory and metabolic variables were recorded breath by breath using an ergospirometer (CPX/D MedGrafics – Breeze, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA). The Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined from a visual analysis and at the peak of the exercise was considered the average of the 5 last breaths. Training protocol consisted of UL exercises in the diagonals of Kabat, at sitting posture, for three series of six repetitions with 80% of a maximum repetition. Wilcoxon test, α = 5% was used. No statistical differences were found in all variables studied (oxygen uptake [VO2], heart rate [HR], respiratory exchange ratio [RER] and power [P]) when comparing before and after intervention values (p\u3e0.05). The PNF technique by the Kabat method did not alter cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in young men

Expiratory Flow Limitation at Different Exercise Intensities in Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction. Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during moderate intensity exercise is present in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), whereas in healthy subjects it occurs only at a high intensity. However, it is unclear whether this limitation already manifests in those with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (without MI). Materials and Methods. Forty-one men aged 40–65 years were allocated into (1) recent MI (RMI) group (n = 8), (2) late MI (LMI) group (n = 12), (3) stable CAD group (n = 9), and (4) healthy control group (CG) (n = 12). All participants underwent two cardiopulmonary exercise tests at a constant workload (moderate and high intensity), and EFL was evaluated at the end of each exercise workload. Results. During moderate intensity exercise, the RMI and LMI groups presented with a significantly higher number of participants with EFL compared to the CG (p0.05). Moreover, EFL was only present in MI groups during moderate intensity exercise, whereas at high intensity all groups presented EFL. Regarding the degree of EFL, the RMI and LMI groups showed significantly higher values at moderate intensity exercise in relation to the CG. At high intensity exercise, significantly higher values for the degree of EFL were observed only in the LMI group. Conclusion. The ventilatory limitation at moderate intensity exercise may be linked to the pulmonary consequences of the MI, even subjects with preserved cardiac and pulmonary function at rest, and not to CAD per se