Bis(4-nitro­phen­yl) 1,3-phenyl­ene­dimethyl­ene dicarbonate

In the title mol­ecule, C22H16N2O10, the dihedral angles between the benzene rings of the 4-nitro­phenyl groups and the central benzene ring are 32.7 (1) and 34.7 (1)°, while the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings of the 4-nitro­phenyl groups is 3.6 (2)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers

Reinforcement Learning for Battery Management in Dairy Farming

Dairy farming is a particularly energy-intensive part of the agriculture sector. Effective battery management is essential for renewable integration within the agriculture sector. However, controlling battery charging/discharging is a difficult task due to electricity demand variability, stochasticity of renewable generation, and energy price fluctuations. Despite the potential benefits of applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) to renewable energy in the context of dairy farming, there has been limited research in this area. This research is a priority for Ireland as it strives to meet its governmental goals in energy and sustainability. This research paper utilizes Q-learning to learn an effective policy for charging and discharging a battery within a dairy farm setting. The results demonstrate that the developed policy significantly reduces electricity costs compared to the established baseline algorithm. These findings highlight the effectiveness of reinforcement learning for battery management within the dairy farming sector.Comment: This paper has been accepted at the 2023 Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability (AI4S) Workshop, at 26th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ECAI 202

Di-tert-butyl cyclo­hex-2-ene-1,4-diyl dicarbonate

In the title mol­ecule, C16H26O6, the central cyclo­hexene ring is in a half-chair conformation. The carbonyl groups are in a trans arrangement with respect to each other and the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the carbonate groups is 10.8 (2)°

3-Methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C8H7NO2, all the non-H atoms lie essentially in the same plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.019 Å) In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link mol­ecules into chains along [100]. In addition, there are π–π stacking inter­actions between mol­ecules related by the c-glide plane, with alternating centroid–centroid distances of 3.434 (2) and 3.639 (2) Å

Direct Boundary Element Method for Calculation of Hyperbolic Flow Past a Sphere

Abstract: In this paper, direct method is applied for calculating the hyperbolic flow past a sphere. The surface of the body is discretised into boundary elements on which the velocity distribution is found. The comparison of computed and exact results is also made

2,5-Dimethyl­hexane-2,5-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

The title structure, C22H24N2O10, contains two independent centrosymmetric mol­ecules. The only significant difference between the mol­ecules is the dihedral angle between the unique carbonate group (–O—CO2–) and the benzene ring, the values being 77.35 (8) and 66.42 (8)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Patient Assessment Using Step-Up-And-Over Test

The goal of surgery for patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and subsequent rehabilitation is the restoration of normal knee function (van Grinsven et al., 2010). Having procedures that accurately assess and quantify recovery are crucial to ensure that physicians if patients are regaining knee function. However, there is no standardized, objective assessment of a patient’s improvement as they progress through the stages of rehabilitation. Currently, maximal effort testing is used to evaluate knee function to determine a patient’s readiness to return to unrestricted physical activity but, these tests place a high demand on the knee joint, which is contraindicated in early rehabilitation (Cascio et al., 2004) and may confound the patient’s results due to fear of re-injury. The step-up-and-over (SUAO) test is an objective, submaximal effort test that quantifies performance (van Grinsven et al., 2010) and, therefore, can be used to evaluate knee function throughout rehabilitation to gauge the patient’s progression. Results showed that the ACL-QoL was not related to the variables measured using the SUAO test and that the SUAO test was able to track an individual’s progression through rehabilitation. Results also showed that fear of re-injury did not affect the performance on each testing day but pain did. Together, these results indicate that the SUAO test is a clinically viable option to track an individual’s progression through rehabilitation without having feared of re-injury affect the results and that pain may affect performance of the SUAO test

trans-Cyclo­hexane-1,4-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

In the title crystal structure, C20H18N2O10, there are two independent mol­ecules, both of which lie on crystallographic inversion centres. In one mol­ecule the 4-nitro­phenyl dicarbonate groups are substituted in equatorial (A eq) positions of the chair-form cyclo­hexane ring while in the other mol­ecule the substitution is axial (B ax). The dihedral angles between the atoms of the symmetry-unique carbonate group (O=CO2—) and benzene ring for each mol­ecule are 47.3 (1)° for A eq and 11.7 (2)° for B ax. In B ax, this facilitates the formation of a weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond, while the packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

Optimized Energy Control Scheme for Electric Drive of EV Powertrain Using Genetic Algorithms

Automotive applications often experience conflicting-objective optimization problems focusing on performance parameters that are catered through precisely developed cost functions. Two such conflicting objectives which substantially affect the working of traction machine drive are maximizing its speed performance and minimizing its energy consumption. In case of an electric vehicle (EV) powertrain, drive energy is bounded by battery dynamics (charging and capacity) which depend on the consumption of drive voltage and current caused by driving cycle schedules, traffic state, EV loading, and drive temperature. In other words, battery consumption of an EV depends upon its drive energy consumption. A conventional control technique improves the speed performance of EV at the cost of its drive energy consumption. However, the proposed optimized energy control (OEC) scheme optimizes this energy consumption by using robust linear parameter varying (LPV) control tuned by genetic algorithms which significantly improves the EV powertrain performance. The analysis of OEC scheme is conducted on the developed vehicle simulator through MATLAB/Simulink based simulations as well as on an induction machine drive platform. The accuracy of the proposed OEC is quantitatively assessed to be 99.3% regarding speed performance which is elaborated by the drive speed, voltage, and current results against standard driving cycles

A photovoltaic-fed z-source inverter motor drive with fault-tolerant capability for rural irrigation

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as economical solutions for irrigation systems in rural areas. However, they are characterized by low voltage output and less reliable configurations. To address this issue in this paper, a promising inverter configuration called Impedance (Z)-source inverter (ZSI) is designed and implemented to obtain high voltage output with single-stage power conversion, particularly suitable for irrigation application. An improved and efficient modulation scheme and design specifications of the network parameters are derived. Additionally, a suitable fault-tolerant strategy is developed and implemented to improve reliability and efficiency. It incorporates an additional redundant leg with an improved control strategy to facilitate the fault-tolerant operation. The proposed fault-tolerant circuit is designed to handle switch failures of the inverter modules due to the open-circuit and short-circuit faults. The relevant simulation and experimental results under normal, faulty and post-fault operation are presented. The post-fault operation characteristics are identical to the normal operation. The motor performance characteristics such as load current, torque, harmonic spectrum, and efficiency are thoroughly analysed to prove the suitability of the proposed system for irrigation applications. This study provides an efficient and economical solution for rural irrigation utilized in developing countries, for example, India