Does Pak-Rupee Exchange Rate Respond to Monetary Fundamentals? A Structural Analysis

This study empirically examines the contribution of monetary fundamentals in explaining nominal exchange rate movements in the case of Pak-rupee vis-à-vis US-dollar over the period 1982Q2 to 2014Q2. The empirical results support the existence of cointegration relationship between nominal exchange rate and monetary fundamentals. The results reveal that relative money stocks and real income are the key drivers of exchange rate determination in Pakistan in the long-run. For dynamic interaction, the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) method is applied. Results from the SVAR show that the responses of exchange rate to shocks, originated from money supply, income, interest rate and inflation differentials, are consistent with the predictions of the flexible-price variant of the monetary model of exchange rate in the short-run. More specifically, the results indicate that inflation and interest rate differential explain maximum variations in exchange rate in the short-run. In essence, results suggest that monetary fundamentals are the key drivers of exchange rate fluctuations in Pakistan, especially in the short-run. JEL Classification: F31, F33, C32, F41 Keywords: Monetary Model, Exchange Rate, SVAR, Pakista

The Impact of Institutional Quality on Economic Growth: Panel Evidence

The aim of the present study is twofold. First, we develop a theoretical model which incorporates the role of institutions in promoting economic growth. The theoretical model predicts that rent seeking activities decrease as institutional quality improves, and hence income increases and vice versa. Second, we conduct an empirical analysis to quantify the impact of institutions on economic growth in selected Asian economies over the period 1996- 2012 by employing both static and dynamic panel system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique with fixed effects. The empirical results reveal that institutions indeed are important in determining the long run economic growth in Asian economies. However, the impact of institutions on economic growth differs across Asian economies and depends on the level of economic development. The results reveal that institutions are more effective in developed Asia than developing Asia. This evidence implies that different countries require different set of institutions to promote long term economic growth. Keywords: Institutions, Economic Growth, Panel Evidence, Asi

Relationship between fear, fall & balance in cummunity dwelling older adults

Background: In older population the risk of fall is always at high risk and there are many contributing factor which increase the prevalence of fall. The impaired balance leads to limited daily activities and confidence level. Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between fall, fear and balance in older population. Method & methodology: The descriptive cross sectional study design was used and a sample of 271 older adult were recruited through purpose sampling technique. The detail demographic was noted, history of fall and other related co-morbidities were mention in performa. The standardized test Activity based confidence scale (ABC) and Time up & go (TUG) were used for proper assessment. Results: The result shows that 72% sample were composed of females and 28% were male. Majority 71% belong to age bracket 65-74 years and 79% have no history of fall. Only 19% have high level of physical function on confidence scale, 36% and 45 % were in moderate and low level of physical functioning respectively. The ralationship shows that the older adults who have impaire mobility on TUG have 30% (82) and 11.43% (31) low and moderate level of physical functioning on ABC scale respectively. Conclusions: The findings indicate that majority of older adults have no fall history but still most of them have low level of confidence & physical functioning on ABC scale. The confidence balance is associated with the physical functioning in older adults and need to improve the balance training for proper functioning

Impact of Cable/T.V on Modern Lifestyle: A Study of Women

Researchers explore the demographic characteristic of the respondent, women exposure towards electronic media and its impacts on the adoption of modern lifestyle. Researcher was also checkout the impact of cable/TV on modern lifestyle. Electronic media is an influential tool for brining noticeable change in the views, outlook, attitude and interest of people. This study intends to emphasize the role of electronic media and its impact on minds of the women, and the environment in which it function. Researchers used the cultivation theory and face to face interview used as data collection method.  Results reveal that electronic media really impact on the modern lifestyle of women who had exposure towards electronic in their daily life and watching cable/TV. Keywords: Electronic Media, Cable television, Modern Lifestyle, Cultivation, Women, Impac

4-Chloro-1-iodo-2-nitro­benzene

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C6H3ClINO2, the nitro group is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.506 (6) and 0.494 (6). The dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the two disordered components of the nitro group are 29.0 (2) and 51.0 (3)°. The disordering avoids short O⋯O inter­molecular contacts in the crystal

EFFECT OF INOCULATION METHODS OF BIOZOTE-MAX (PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA-PGPR) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER NATURALLY SALT-AFFECTED SOIL

A field experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian during 2016-17 to assess evaluate different Rhizobial inoculation methods on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Basmati-385 under naturally salt-affected soil (pH= 8.12, ECe= 7.88 dS m-1and SAR=24.96). Seeds of rice were inoculated with Biozote–Max (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria-PGPR) produced in Soil Biology and Biotechnology Research Programme of Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural research Centre (NARC), Islamabad under PARC-Agrotech. Company (Pvt) Ltd. NARC, Islamabad in three ways i.e. rice seeds inoculated for direct seeding and nursery and dipping seedling roots in the solutions of these rhizobial strains comparable of control un-inoculated (control) by each inoculation method. The performances of Rhizobial strain Biozote–Max used as seed and seedling root dipping inoculation were superior to uninoculated control in all the parameters of the rice crop. Among the treatments, seed and seedling root dipping inoculation with Rhizobial strain Biozote–Max performed best in recording plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of rice crop. Maximum tillering was observed with all strains under different inoculation methods. Although, the strains performed better as compared to control, however, dipping of nursery roots produced significantly higher yield followed by seed inoculation for direct seeding. Overall, among all the inoculation methods seedling root dipping produced comparable paddy yield. The highest paddy yield (367 g m-2) was harvested with SBCC (M8) seed inoculation which was 13% more than that of un-inoculated (control)

2-Chloro-5-(2-iodo­benzene­sulfonamido)­benzoic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C13H9ClINO4S, the coordination around the S atom is distorted tetra­hedral. The aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 74.46 (9)°. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of two five- and one six-membered rings, which adopt planar, envelope and twisted conformations, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules to form R 2 2(8) ring motifs, which are further linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. π–π contacts between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.709 (3) and 3.772 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure. The I atom is disordered over two positions, refined with occupancies of ca 0.75 and 0.25

2-Bromo-4-nitro­aniline

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C6H5BrN2O2, the dihedral angle between the nitro group and the aromatic ring is 4.57 (4)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯Br inter­action results in the formation of a planar five-membered ring, which is oriented with respect to the aromatic ring at a dihedral angle of 1.64 (6)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules

Focused abdominal CT scan for acute appendicitis in children: can it help in need

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the focused abdominal CT scan [FACT] in clinically equivocal cases of acute appendicitis in paediatric population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Radiology Department of Aga Khan Hospital, from August 2007 to November 2008. A total of 84 patients (42 males & 42 females) with clinically equivocal signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis referred to radiology department for CT evaluation were studied. CT findings were compared with histopathology and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The sensitivity of focused CT for acute appendicitis was 91%; specificity was 69% and accuracy of 76% while PPV and NPV were 58%, 94% respectively. CONCLUSION: Focused unenhanced CT is a quick, accurate and non invasive modality for the assessment of clinically equivocal cases of acute appendicitis for ruling out patients and reducing negative appendectomies

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF MICROGRID

The need for new generation systems has motivated the development of microgrids. This new concept may provide significant benefits such as losses compensation, achieving high degree of efficiency and reliability to the transmission and distribution networks. This novel idea provides more advantages about Microgrids like general structure and different topologies. Also an original methodology for facilitating its design is proposed. Finally Simulink model of Microgrid is designed and then analyzed.Â