Partial correlations of normalized brain structure with one another in MS cases.

<p>Results are adjusted for linear effects of age and sex. The <i>p</i>-values are shown in parentheses, and results with <i>p</i><0.01 are shown in boldface.</p

Normalized brain structure volumes.

<p>Results with <i>p</i><0.01 are shown in bold face. <i>Abbreviations</i>. <i>HV</i>, healthy volunteers. <i>MS</i>, multiple sclerosis. <i>SD</i>, standard deviation.</p

Cohort demographic data.

a<p> <i>median (range),</i></p>b<p> <i>mean z-score (standard deviation),</i></p>c<p> <i>median (interquartile range).</i></p>*<p>Vibration units are amplitudes, proportional to the square of the applied voltage.</p><p><i>Abbreviations</i>. <i>RRMS</i>, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. <i>SPMS</i>, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. <i>PPMS</i>, primary progressive multiple sclerosis. <i>CIS</i>, clinically isolated syndrome. <i>EDSS</i>, Expanded Disability Status Scale. <i>MSSS</i>, Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score. <i>MSFC</i>, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite. <i>PASAT-3</i>, Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task, 3 second version.</p

Partial correlations of impairment measures with normalized structure volumes.

<p>Results are adjusted for linear effects of age and sex. The <i>p</i>-values are shown in parentheses, and results with <i>p</i><0.01 are shown in boldface. <i>Abbreviations</i>. <i>EDSS</i>, Expanded Disability Status Scale. <i>MSSS</i>, MS Severity Score. <i>MSFC</i>, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite <i>z</i>-score. <i>PASAT-3</i>, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 3-second version.</p

Partial correlations of impairment measures with normalized structure volumes computed by FSL FAST segmentation tool.

<p>Results are adjusted for linear effects of age and sex. The <i>p</i>-values are shown in parentheses, and results with <i>p</i><0.01 are shown in boldface. <i>Abbreviations</i>. <i>EDSS</i>, Expanded Disability Status Scale. <i>MSSS</i>, MS Severity Score. <i>MSFC</i>, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite. <i>PASAT-3</i>, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 3-second version.</p

Lesion-TOADS segmentation results.

<p>Representative slices from the T1-weighted (A) and FLAIR (B) scans of one of the MS cases. Lesions are depicted in red (C). 3D rendering of ventricles (blue), putamen (green), caudate (orange), thalamus (pink), brainstem (yellow), and lesions (red), generated by Lesion-TOADS (D).</p

Figure 2

<p>Distributions of normalized cortical gray matter (A) and cerebral white matter (B) volumes in healthy volunteers vs. MS cases. White matter volume is not significantly atrophic in the MS group, whereas cortical GM volume is substantially lower in MS.</p