En ideell organisations arbete med läxhjälp

Sveriges skolor har i takt med samhällsutvecklingen genomgått reformer som har skapat en allt ökat decentralisering. Vidare präglas skolan av en problematik gällande likvärdighet i utbildningen för dess elever. På senare år har det samtidigt uppkommit en allt större marknad för både privata, offentliga och ideella läxhjälpverksamheter i Sverige. Dessa läxhjälpverksamheter står utanför den ordinarie skolverksamheten och dess riktlinjer men verkar ändå inom skolans kontext. Denna examensuppsats kommer vi att undersöka ideella läxhjälp verksamheter roll i förhållande till skolan, och hur den eventuella samverkan ser ut mellan dessa. Eftersom att det idag finns en begränsad forskning kring ämnet är syftet med studien att bidra med en ökad insikt kring situationen utifrån en specifik ideell läxhjälpverksamhet som bland annat verkar inom Malmö stad. Detta kommer att göras genom ett kvalitativt angreppssätt med semistrukturerade intervjuer i fokus. Materialet analyseras och sammanfattas sedan utifrån teorier gällande samverkan. Resultatet visar att en tydlighet i samverkan och dess riktlinjer mellan läxhjälpverksamher och skolan är viktig för att tydliggöra de roller och ansvar som finns. Det finns idag en viss otydlighet i samverkan utifrån kontakten mellan skolan och läxhjälpen. Vidare finns det en tydlighet hos läxhjälpverksamheten att dennes roll fungerar som ett komplement till skolan och ska verka stödjande för eleverna. Problematiken ligger dock i om skolan som har huvudansvaret för elevernas kunskapsutveckling allt mer förlitar sig på att andra typer av verksamheter kan väga upp för bristerna i skolan.Sweden's schools have undergone reforms that have led to increased decentralization, in line with the social development. Furthermore, the school is characterized by an issue of equivalence in the education of its students. In recent years there has also been a growing market for both private, public and non-profit homework operations in Sweden. These homework activities are out of the ordinary school activity and its guidelines, but still work within the context of the school. In this study we are going to investigate non-profit homework activities in relation to the school, and how the possible interaction looks like. Because there is limited research on the subject today, the purpose of the study is to contribute to an increased insight into the situation based on a specific ideal homework assistance that works, among other things, in the city of Malmö. This will be done through a qualitative approach with semistructured interviews in focus. The material is then analyzed and summarized based on theories of collaboration. The result shows that clarity in cooperation and its guidelines between homework assistants and school is important in order to clarify the roles and responsibilities that exist. There is currently some uncertainty in cooperation from the contact between school and homework. Furthermore, there is a clear sense of homework assistance that its role serves as a complement to the school and will provide support for the students. However, the problem is whether the school which has the main responsibility for students' knowledge development is increasingly relied on that other types of activities may weigh up for the shortcomings in school

Prevalence of Flp Pili-Encoding Plasmids in Cutibacterium acnes Isolates Obtained from Prostatic Tissue

Inflammation is one of the hallmarks of prostate cancer. The origin of inflammation is unknown, but microbial infections are suspected to play a role. In previous studies, the Gram-positive, low virulent bacterium Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes was frequently isolated from prostatic tissue. It is unclear if the presence of the bacterium represents a true infection or a contamination. Here we investigated Cutibacterium acnes type II, also called subspecies defendens, which is the most prevalent type among prostatic C. acnes isolates. Genome sequencing of type II isolates identified large plasmids in several genomes. The plasmids are highly similar to previously identified linear plasmids of type I C. acnes strains associated with acne vulgaris. A PCR-based analysis revealed that 28.4% (21 out of 74) of all type II strains isolated from cancerous prostates carry a plasmid. The plasmid shows signatures for conjugative transfer. In addition, it contains a gene locus for tight adherence (tad) that is predicted to encode adhesive Flp (fimbrial low-molecular weight protein) pili. In subsequent experiments a tad locus-encoded putative pilin subunit was identified in the surface-exposed protein fraction of plasmid-positive C. acnes type II strains by mass spectrometry, indicating that the tad locus is functional. Additional plasmid-encoded proteins were detected in the secreted protein fraction, including two signal peptide-harboring proteins; the corresponding genes are specific for type II C. acnes, thus lacking from plasmid-positive type I C. acnes strains. Further support for the presence of Flp pili in C. acnes type II was provided by electron microscopy, revealing cell appendages in tad locus-positive strains. Our study provides new insight in the most prevalent prostatic subspecies of C. acnes, subsp. defendens, and indicates the existence of Flp pili in plasmid-positive strains. Such pili may support colonization and persistent infection of human prostates by C. acnes