Development of Microemulsion Containing Alpinia galanga Oil and Its Major Compounds: Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activities

The aim of the present study was to develop a microemulsion (ME) containing Alpinia galanga oil (AGO), 1,8-cineole (C), or methyl eugenol (M) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for enhancing their antimicrobial activities. Agar diffusion, broth microdilution, and killing kinetics were used for antimicrobial evaluations. The ME composed of 30% API, 33.4% Tween 80, 16.6% ethanol, and 20% water appeared as translucent systems with droplet size and polydispersity index of 101.1 ± 1.3 nm and 0.3 ± 0.1, 80.9 ± 1.1 nm and 0.4 ± 0.1, and 96.6 ± 2.0 nm and 0.2 ± 0.1 for ME-AGO, ME-C, and ME-M, respectively. These ME formulations showed minimum bacterial concentrations of 3.91–31.25 µg/mL and 50% fungal inhibition concentrations of 1.83 ± 0.27–0.46 ± 0.13 µg/mL, 2–4 times stronger, and faster kinetic killing rate than their respective API alone. Keeping the ME formulations at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C for 12 weeks did not affect their activities against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, but the high temperature of 40 °C decreased their activities against Gram-positive bacteria. It is concluded that ME is a promising delivery system for AGO and its major compounds to enhance their water miscibility and antimicrobial activities

Masculinizing Effects of Chrysin-Loaded Poloxamer Micelles on Siamese Fighting Fish

Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) are freshwater fish that are commonly found in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. In the present study, chrysin-loaded polymeric micelles (CPs) were developed and investigated for the masculinizing effects, survival rate, growth indices, and toxicity on Siamese fighting fish. CPs were prepared using a poloxamer. The micelle system of CPs that were formed at a chrysin-to-polymer ratio of 1:2 was found to be the most suitable monodispersed system and exhibited a nanosized diameter (74.2 ± 1.6 nm) with a narrow size distribution (0.288 ± 0.012). In vivo studies were performed using Siamese fighting fish larvae as animal models. In the in vivo toxicity study, the fish larvae were immersed in aqueous systems containing CPs that had five different chrysin concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ng/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h. Blank polymeric micelles and water were used as controls. The in vivo masculinization effect of CPs with different chrysin concentrations on the fish larvae was evaluated after 5 weeks of exposure. The results demonstrated that CPs with a chrysin concentration of 1000 ng/mL showed a masculinization effect of 94.59 ± 2.76% with a high fish larvae survival rate of 72.45 ± 5.09% and low toxicity. It was concluded that the developed CPs had a significant effect on the sex reversal of Siamese fighting fish larvae with a high survival rate

Chemical composition of AGO.

<p>Chemical composition of AGO.</p

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

07 mai 19171917/05/07 (A18,N5950)

Effect of pressure and number of homogenization cycles on droplet size of the best NE-AGO formulation (NE-AGO-D).

<p>Data are presented as means ± S.E.M. (<i>p</i> <0.05). Asterisks (*) indicate a significant difference between the obtained NE-AGO-D after using a pressure of 5,000 and 10,000 psi (<i>p</i> <0.05). The dataset is available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188848#pone.0188848.s001" target="_blank">S1 Dataset</a>.</p

Anesthetic behavioral changes of <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> exposed to 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L of AGO in SMEDDS-AGO and NE-AGO-D in comparison with EtOH-AGO.

<p>The dataset is available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188848#pone.0188848.s005" target="_blank">S5 Dataset</a>.</p

Characterization of SMEDDS-AGO kept at different temperature for 1 month.

<p>Characterization of SMEDDS-AGO kept at different temperature for 1 month.</p