Citation matters: two essays on the student journey of citation and how Google Scholar and the principle of least effort can affect academic writing

The paper consists of two short essays on citation matters. The aim is to get the academy thinking about citing and referencing from a student point of view. The first essay (on the student journey of citation) is an attempt of a framework for the academic writer, from the time they are an undergraduate student to an academic researcher. The worldview of citing and referencing is argued to develop in accordance to academic level. The second essay is on academic writing and the principle of least effort. With a few searches on Google Scholar, cyberplagiarism and the pilfering of citation context was demonstrated. With emphasis on patchwriting, the temptation of the academic writer to corner cut is not argued as being exclusive to students but more apparent by students. Technology is also argued to create a conflict for the academic writer showing a path where they can reduce effort

Hydrocarbon potential of Eastern View Group Reservoir Rocks, Bass Basin, Australia.

Hydrocarbon exploration to-date in the Bass Basin has focused on Eocene reservoir rocks of the Upper Eastern View Group with limited success. This thesis focuses on the hydrocarbon potential of Middle and Lower Eastern View Group reservoir rocks which the results of this thesis suggest are closer and better connected to mature source rocks in the basin. This thesis employs several basin analysis techniques, particularly 3D basin modelling, to investigate the hydrocarbon charge history of the Bass Basin. Sixteen 2D surveys providing ~20,000 km of reflection seismic data were interpreted in order to understand the structural setting of the Bass Basin and to constrain its morphology for input into 2D and 3D basin models. The seismic interpretation resulted in recognising a rotation in stress directions from the Early Eocene to the Late Eocene, which was associated with the creation of a new set of faults during the deposition of the Upper Eastern View Group and the Demons Bluff Formation. These faults are interpreted to have reactivated during the Miocene, with reactivation leading to hydrocarbon breach in accumulations within the northeastern part of the Bass Basin. Key horizons and faults interpreted from seismic data were depthconverted and input into PetroMod software for basin modelling. Reservoirs of the Upper Eastern View Group demonstrate an average core porosity of 26% and an average permeability of ~200 mD. Thicker sand bodies in the Middle EVG exhibit an average log-derived porosity of 20%, even at depths greater than 3000 m. It is interpreted that these porosities are maintained at relatively great burial depth due to the occurrence of coarser-grained sands within lower sections of finingupward sedimentary cycles. Coarser-grained sands have resisted compaction and cementation due to their grain texture and have preserved better intergranular porosity and reservoir quality. The Demons Bluff Formation, is the regional seal overlying the Eastern View Group, and was analysed and found to have excellent sealing capacity. Some samples were interpreted to be capable of supporting in excess of 2 km oil column height. The potential source rocks of the Bass Basin are interbedded coals and shales deposited mainly in freshwater lakes. Coaly source rocks of the Narimba (Early Eocene), Tilana (Palaeocene) and Furneaux (Maastrichtian) sequences are the key potential source rocks. The Otway Megasequence (Early Cretaceous) may also contain potential source rocks. Geochemical analysis suggests a Type II-III source rock for potential source rocks of the Early Eocene. Activation energy and kinetic reactions for source rocks of this age were modelled according to the results of geochemical analysis, while Palaeocene and other older source rocks were modelled as Type III source rocks to signify their terrestrial nature. 2D and 3D hydrocarbon generation models constructed for the Bass Basin suggest oil-prone source rocks of the Middle Eocene succession are immature and Early Eocene source rocks are partially mature for hydrocarbon expulsion. Source rocks of the Palaeocene and older are mature for hydrocarbon expulsion and have generated the majority of the gaseous hydrocarbons in the basin. This thesis has highlighted the significance of fault conductivity in controlling the distribution of hydrocarbons within the Bass Basin. Migration modelling suggests faults were impermeable during the Late Palaeocene when hydrocarbon expulsion from the Early Cretaceous source rocks commenced. Impermeable faults, together with intraformational seals within the Lower and Middle Eastern View Group largely prevented vertical hydrocarbon migration into the Upper Eastern View Group. In the central and northeastern parts of the basin, the Upper Eastern View Group reservoirs were charged by Early Eocene source rocks, which commenced expulsion during the Pliocene. Fault reactivation during the Miocene may have resulted in breaching some deeper accumulations within reservoir sands of the Narimba and Tilana sequences and migration into reservoir sands of the Upper Eastern View Group. Basin models predict trapped hydrocarbons within reservoirs of the Middle Eastern View Group where mature source rocks exist, while the majority of the Upper Eastern View Group reservoirs under the regional seal were left without hydrocarbon charge. Deeper troughs such as the Yolla, Cormorant and Pelican troughs in the Cape Wickham Sub-basin (western part of the Bass Basin) are predicted to have the most accumulations in the basin. Few accumulations are predicted in the Durroon Sub-basin (eastern part of the Bass Basin). The basin models suggest several new and untested plays within the Bass Basin which may increase its prospectivity, notably by implementing a new exploration strategy targeting quality reservoirs of the Middle Eastern View Group. Regional assessment and modelling of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage potential of the Bass Basin was also undertaken and suggests the basin has the potential to provide excellent CO₂ storage. Since many reservoirs of the Upper Eastern View Group have not received hydrocarbon charge, CO₂ storage in these reservoirs will not interfere with hydrocarbon exploration.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 201

Upheavals to scholarly communication have not embraced Robert Merton’s normative guide to good scientific research.

An impact-driven scholarly communication system may offer new levels of views for research and new metrics to assess these works, but are the upheavals actually reinforcing the cumulative advantage of those already in power? Drawing on Robert Merton’s norms for the production of science, Avtar Natt reframes current scholarly developments and finds the roots are too deep for a fair and equal system of knowledge production

Radio & Infrared Observations of the W3/W4/W5 Star-forming Regions

As part of the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Surveys KSP, targeted observations of H II regions close to high mass star-forming regions in the Galactic plane have been conducted, as part of the telescope’s commissioning. This thesis details the calibration and analysis of one particular commissioning field, the prominent Galactic star-forming W3/W4/W5 complex and 2 supernova remnants (SNRs) HB3 and 3C 58, at unprecedented low radio frequencies ~ 30–76 MHz (§ 1). This part of the radio spectrum contains large-scale filaments, arcs, bubbles and shells which would be interesting to detail in new parameter space, both spatially and spectrally. A LOFAR calibration pipeline was developed as part of this work (§ 3) resulting in unique continuum maps ~10 deg2 that detail extended diffuse emission of W3/W4/W5 at unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution at low frequencies. Our final full bandwidth image (at ~ 53.5 MHz) reaches a final resolution of between ~ 62–85" and noise level of 4.78 mJy/beam, making it the deepest image obtained in this frequency range. Spectral index maps (§ 4) made from 35.2 MHz, 54.7 MHz and 69.9 MHz continuum images give strong evidence of radio emission by thermal Bremsstrahlung with some localised regions demonstrating free-free self-absorption (§ 2), although we suspect a complete turnover of the H II regions outside of our observed range ɑ ~ -0.03±0.02 for 3C 58 and observe a possible plateau in the emission of HB3 near ~ 55 MHz. High spectral resolution data was also analysed for the possibility of a carbon RRL detection in absorption < 100 MHz in the direction of W3 (§ 5). An initial all-sky image was also made during the commissioning of the Chilbolton LOFAR single station (§ 3); the wide FoV gave an overview of the large-scale diffuse Galactic synchrotron emissivity with the intention of measuring the spectral index High mass star formation is an important area of research in modern astrophysics and triggers of this process along with many of the aspects of early stellar evolution including the onset of maser emission being poorly understood. Stars form out of large gas and dust clouds, detected through: (i) thermal dust continuum emission and (ii) line emission of organic molecules traced through masers. Hence, ancillary observations of W3 were made using the Onsala 20m radio viii telescope for maser source detection and a point source catalogue of ~ 1300 sources at far-IR wavelengths of predominantly cold proto-stars was made from the newest AKARI maps (§ 6).Finally, in addition to the Galactic diffuse radio emission, ~ 300 extragalactic point sources were captured in the background of the FoV with LOFAR. Their extracted fluxes were catalogued and over ~ 50 % provided a rich sample of spectral index information to constrain turnover of synchrotron < 100 MHz. We observed strong and moderate SED flattening attributed to free-free absorption processes at the source for ~ 3.2 % and ~ 19.1 % of sources respectively which is consistent with Rafferty et al. (2013)

Tablets Vs Smartphones: Differences In M-Commerce Application Design

Since the world is moving to the era of mobile Internet computing, the business conducting over the mobile devices became popular. Not only smartphones, but tablet computers also present a variety of new opportunities for business with their technological ability. The research question of this paper is “What are the differences in M-Commerce application between tablet computers and smartphones?”. Three comparison case studies of M-Commerce applications show the differences in the design for tablets and smartphones. The paper contains the introduction, the literature review, the information of current devices in market, the comparisons of M-Commerce applications, the discussions, and conclusions

Elicitation and management of user requirements in market-driven software development

Market-driven software development companies experience challenges in requirements management that many traditional requirements engineering methods and techniques do not acknowledge. Large markets, limited contact with end users, and strong competition forces the market-driven software development company to constantly invent new, selling requirements, frequently release new versions with an accompanying pressure of short time-to-market, and take both the technical and financial risks of development. This thesis presents empirical results from case studies in requirements elicitation and management at a software development company. The results include techniques to explore, understand, and handle bottlenecks in the requirements process where requirements continuously arrive at a high rate from many different stakeholders. Through simulation of the requirements process, potential bottlenecks are identified at an early stage, and fruitless improvement attempts may be avoided. Several techniques are evaluated and recommended to support the market-driven organisation in order to increase software quality and avoid process overload situations. It is shown that a quick and uncomplicated in-house usability evaluation technique, an improved heuristic evaluation, may be adequate to get closer to customer satisfaction. Since needs and opportunities differ between markets, a distributed prioritisation technique is suggested that will help the organisation to pick the most cost-beneficial and customer satisfying requirements for development. Finally, a technique based on automated natural language analysis is investigated with the aim to help resolve congestion in the requirements engineering process, yet retaining ideas that may bring a competitive advantage

An Extraosseous Plasmacytoma of the Nasopharynx

A 75-year-old long-term male smoker and poorly controlled hypertensive presented with a 3-month history of intermittent epistaxis refractory to cauterisation with silver nitrate. Nasopharyngeal examination revealed a mass in the post nasal space. An urgent endoscopic biopsy confirmed an extraosseous plasmacytoma. Post operative radiotherapy was scheduled. No evidence of recurrence of disease following completion of treatment has been detected during clinical surveillance