How to plan and conduct Japanese history lesson aiming to promote historical inquiry: A case of “Sekkanseiji To Insei”

This study proposes the Japanese history lesson plan integrating active historical inquiry by student themselves. Historical inquiry has been regarded as an important strategy to history education fostering democratic citizenship. However, the previous studies in Japan did not seem to clarify the characteristics of historical inquiry and how to apply in the classroom because most of them focused only on the motivation of students. We established the three principles to develop the lesson plan; 1） Procedural concepts are shown to the students explicitly; 2） Various resources is necessary for making diverse historical resources; 3）various activities for promoting active learning by students should be prepared. After conducting the lessons, we found that students actively engaged the class and develop their own historical interpretation. At the end of study, we proposed the future possibilities for bigger reform of history curriculum

The method of lesson study based on the structure of the subject: the case of primary social studies classroom

This study presents the case study of the lesson study in a primary social studies classroom in Japan. The result indicates to propose a new method of social studies lesson study. While previous method tended to pay less attention to the context of school and children because of the focus of generalization, this study highlights the reality of diverse children in a classroom settings. Throughout the study, we compared the two items: The structure of the subject, namely, triangle relation of goals, contents, and methods and learner 's learning structure. Comparing the two items, we could see the effect of the process of teaching and learning on the children. It means that we can propose the new method by focusing on the reality of the classroom

Mated Drosophila melanogaster females consume more amino acids during the dark phase.

To maintain homeostasis, animals must ingest appropriate quantities, determined by their internal nutritional state, of suitable nutrients. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an amino acid deficit induces a specific appetite for amino acids and thus results in their increased consumption. Although multiple processes of physiology, metabolism, and behavior are under circadian control in many organisms, it is unclear whether the circadian clock also modulates such motivated behavior driven by an internal need. Differences in levels of amino acid consumption by flies between the light and dark phases of the day:night cycle were examined using a capillary feeder assay following amino acid deprivation. Female flies exhibited increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase compared with the light phase. Investigation of mutants lacking a functional period gene (per0), a well-characterized clock gene in Drosophila, found no difference between the light and dark phases in amino acid consumption by per0 flies. Furthermore, increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was observed in mated but not in virgin females, which strongly suggested that mating is involved in the rhythmic modulation of amino acid intake. Egg production, which is induced by mating, did not affect the rhythmic change in amino acid consumption, although egg-laying behavior showed a per0-dependent change in rhythm. Elevated consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was partly induced by the action of a seminal protein, sex peptide (SP), on the sex peptide receptor (SPR) in females. Moreover, we showed that the increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase is induced in mated females independently of their internal level of amino acids. These results suggest that a post-mating SP/SPR signal elevates amino acid consumption during the dark phase via the circadian clock

Mated <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> females consume more amino acids during the dark phase

<div><p>To maintain homeostasis, animals must ingest appropriate quantities, determined by their internal nutritional state, of suitable nutrients. In the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, an amino acid deficit induces a specific appetite for amino acids and thus results in their increased consumption. Although multiple processes of physiology, metabolism, and behavior are under circadian control in many organisms, it is unclear whether the circadian clock also modulates such motivated behavior driven by an internal need. Differences in levels of amino acid consumption by flies between the light and dark phases of the day:night cycle were examined using a capillary feeder assay following amino acid deprivation. Female flies exhibited increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase compared with the light phase. Investigation of mutants lacking a functional <i>period</i> gene (<i>per</i>⁰), a well-characterized clock gene in <i>Drosophila</i>, found no difference between the light and dark phases in amino acid consumption by <i>per</i>⁰ flies. Furthermore, increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was observed in mated but not in virgin females, which strongly suggested that mating is involved in the rhythmic modulation of amino acid intake. Egg production, which is induced by mating, did not affect the rhythmic change in amino acid consumption, although egg-laying behavior showed a <i>per</i>⁰-dependent change in rhythm. Elevated consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was partly induced by the action of a seminal protein, sex peptide (SP), on the sex peptide receptor (SPR) in females. Moreover, we showed that the increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase is induced in mated females independently of their internal level of amino acids. These results suggest that a post-mating SP/SPR signal elevates amino acid consumption during the dark phase <i>via</i> the circadian clock.</p></div

A post-mating signal elevates amino acid consumption during the dark phase.

<p>(A) The experimental scheme for the CAFE assays. Each L phase is shown by a white box and each D phase by a gray box. (B and C) Amino acid consumption during L (orange bars) and D (blue bars) phases was quantified using no-choice CAFE assays with the following strains: virgin CS females and CS females mated with CS or <i>SP</i>⁰/Δ¹³⁰ males (B; n = 3 or 4 trials); virgin <i>Df(1)Exel6234</i> (shown as Δ<i>SPR</i>) females and <i>Df(1)Exel6234</i> females mated with CS males (B; n = 4 trials); and virgin <i>ovo</i>^<i>D1</i>/CS females and <i>ovo</i>^<i>D1</i>/CS females mated with CS males (C; n = 4 trials). Intake per single fly is shown. Error bars indicate SEM. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 and **<i>p</i> < 0.01 for comparisons between L and D phases for each type of female in (B) and (C) using the Student’s <i>t</i>-test. <i>p</i> > 0.05 for all comparisons during L phase among females in (B) using one-way ANOVA. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 and **<i>p</i> < 0.01 for all comparisons during D phase among females in (B) using one-way ANOVA followed by <i>post hoc</i> Bonferroni/Dunn test. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 and **<i>p</i> < 0.01 for comparisons between <i>ovo</i>^<i>D1</i>/CS virgin and mated females in (C) using the Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p

Effects of real-time remote cardiac rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality of life: a quasi-randomised controlled trial

Abstract Background The impact of real-time remote cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on health and disability-related outcomes and its correlation with physical function are unknown. We compared the effectiveness of real-time remote CR with that of hospital-based CR on physical function improvement and physical functions of improvement (Δ) to clarify the relationship between health and disability at baseline. Methods Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were enrolled (n = 38) in this quasi-randomised controlled trial and underwent 4 weeks of hospital-based CR, followed by 12 weeks of remote or hospital-based CR based on quasi-randomised allocation. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of remote or hospital-based CR using the shortened version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) for subjective satisfaction, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS2.0-J) for objective performance, and cardiopulmonary exercise test for physical function and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2). The trends in measured variables from baseline to the post-CR stage were analysed. Results Sixteen patients (mean age, 72.2 ± 10.4 years) completed remote CR, and 15 patients (mean age, 77.3 ± 4.8 years) completed hospital-based CR. The post-CR physical function differed significantly between the groups (Δpeak VO2, 2.8 ± 3.0 versus 0.84 ± 1.8 mL·min−1·kg−1; p < 0.05). The differences in post-CR changes in the WHOQOL-BREF scores between the groups were insignificant. The post-CR changes in the WHODAS2.0-J scores were significantly lower in the remote CR group than in the hospital-based CR group (ΔWHODAS2.0-J score, –8.56 ± 14.2 versus 2.14 ± 7.6; p < 0.01). Forward multiple stepwise regression analysis using overall data showed that the intervention method (β = 0.339, p < 0.05), baseline cognition (β =  − 0.424, p < 0.05), and social interaction level (β = 0.658, p < 0.01; WHODAS2.0-J) were significant independent contributors to Δpeak VO2 (r2 = 0.48, F = 8.13, p < 0.01). Conclusions Remote CR considerably improved physical function and objective performance in patients with CVDs. Remote CR can be used to effectively treat stable patients who cannot visit hospitals. Trial registration This interventional trial was registered at the UMIN-CTR registry (trial title: Development of remote programme for cardiac rehabilitation using wearable electrocardiograph; trial ID: UMIN000041746; trial URL: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046564 ; registration date: 2020/09/09)

Mated <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> females consume more amino acids during the dark phase

<div><p>To maintain homeostasis, animals must ingest appropriate quantities, determined by their internal nutritional state, of suitable nutrients. In the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, an amino acid deficit induces a specific appetite for amino acids and thus results in their increased consumption. Although multiple processes of physiology, metabolism, and behavior are under circadian control in many organisms, it is unclear whether the circadian clock also modulates such motivated behavior driven by an internal need. Differences in levels of amino acid consumption by flies between the light and dark phases of the day:night cycle were examined using a capillary feeder assay following amino acid deprivation. Female flies exhibited increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase compared with the light phase. Investigation of mutants lacking a functional <i>period</i> gene (<i>per</i>⁰), a well-characterized clock gene in <i>Drosophila</i>, found no difference between the light and dark phases in amino acid consumption by <i>per</i>⁰ flies. Furthermore, increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was observed in mated but not in virgin females, which strongly suggested that mating is involved in the rhythmic modulation of amino acid intake. Egg production, which is induced by mating, did not affect the rhythmic change in amino acid consumption, although egg-laying behavior showed a <i>per</i>⁰-dependent change in rhythm. Elevated consumption of amino acids during the dark phase was partly induced by the action of a seminal protein, sex peptide (SP), on the sex peptide receptor (SPR) in females. Moreover, we showed that the increased consumption of amino acids during the dark phase is induced in mated females independently of their internal level of amino acids. These results suggest that a post-mating SP/SPR signal elevates amino acid consumption during the dark phase <i>via</i> the circadian clock.</p></div

Number of eggs laid in the light and dark phases differs for CS flies.

<p>The oviposition assay was performed for 12 h starting at either ZT 0 (for the light phase) or ZT 12 (for the dark phase). L and D represent results obtained during the light (orange bars) and dark (blue bars) phases, respectively; filled bars represent CS flies; hatched bars represent <i>per</i>⁰ flies. (A) The mean number of eggs laid during L and D phases on aa(-) medium by an amino acid-deprived female (n = 20). (B) The mean number of eggs laid during L and D phases on a standard cornmeal-agar-yeast-glucose medium (SM) by a female raised on SM (n = 20). Error bars indicate SEM. **<i>p</i> < 0.01 and ***<i>p</i> < 0.001 for comparisons between L and D phases using the Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p