日本語の文法(下)

刊行のことば / 林大10.複文の類型11.並列的接続12.理由,原因13.時の特定14.条件の表現15.連体修飾-その116.連体修飾-その217.連体修飾-その318.被修飾名詞の形式化19.文の名詞化および引用参考文献執筆: 寺村秀

共通語化の過程 : 北海道における親子三代のことば

Hokkaidô, the northern island of Japan, is the area with the shortest history of development; except for the southwestern peninsula and some coastal districts, most of Hokkaidô was settled by Japanese immigrants after 1868. We can thus find some families where the first immigrants are now living with the second and the third generations. The immigrants came originally from all the provinces of Japan and brought their own dialects. The present third generation, however, speaks a common Hokkaidô language, evolved on the island; their language thus no longer represents the original dialects of the first immigrants. This Hokkaidô dialect, while very close to the standard language, shows some similarities with that of the Tôhoku district, the nearest part of the Main Island across the straits.This report describes the characteristics of the new Hokkaidô dialect, its birth, and the process of its growth, tracing the changes in the language from the first to the third generations. The survey lasted three years (1958 to 1960) and was made possible by a grant from the Ministry of Education. The survey committee was under the leadership of IWABUTI Etutarô. The surveyors were SIBATA Takesi, NOMOTO Kikuo, UEMURA Yukio, and TOKUGAWA Munemasa of the National Language Research Institute and they worked with four dialectologists from Hokkaidô, IGARASI Saburô, ISIGAKI Hukuo, HASEGAWA Kiyonobu and SATÔ Makoto.The survey was composed of the following portions:1. Case studies of nine families in four localities to determine the changes in three generations.2. A survey of 161 informants from the third generation in three large cities.3. A survey of the social background of approximately 10,000 people in Hurano Town, a typical small town of the inland area, and a linguistic survey of 200 people of the second and third generations there.4. A linguistic survey of 86 informants of the second and third generations in three localities formed by collective immigration.5. A survey of third-generation speakers in 40 towns in Hokkaidô and six towns in the northern part of the Tôhoku district.6. A test of the differences in phonetic recording between the team workers.All these studies covered phonology, tones, grammar and vocabulary; the materials are reproduced for the greater part in the appendices.The results gave a fairly clear picture of the characteristics of the Hokkaidô dialect, its regional differences, and its relationship to both the Tôhoku dialect and the standard language. The language of the third generation was found to have lost completely the characteristics of the dialects of the first immigrants, except in some isolated settlements formed by collective immigration. The tone distinction between words also appears to be disappearing gradually in the Hokkaidô dialect.The text of the report was mainly the work of NOMOTO Kikuo

現代語の語彙調査 : 総合雑誌の用語 後編

[Research on vocabulary in cultural reviews Part 1, 2 (Reports 12, 13)]This is the second report of the successive studies of vocabulary beginning with Report 4. The “universe” here was the complete text of thirteen cultural reviews, such as Sekai, Tyûôkôron, Kaizô, and Bungei Syunzyû, from the issues of July, 1954, to the issues of June, 1955. These reviews were divided into three classes by their characteristics. At the first stage 1, 120 pages were drawn from the total of 23,000 pages in proportion to the size of each stratum, and at the second stage a half of each pages was chosen. The running number of words in our “universe” was estimated to be about nine million as measured in β-units, as we defined them anew. The numbers of running and different words in our sample were some 230,000 and some 23,000 respectively.Two kinds of word lists were published in Report 12; one is arranged in the order of kana-syllabary, and the other in the order of frequency. Entries were limited to words whose sample frequencies were equal to or larger than 7. Each list contains 4,181 words. It can be said to be a remarkable feature of this study that, for the about one thousand most frequently used words, both their intervals of confidence coefficient (95%) and their estimation precisions were calculated.Report 13 contains chapters on the method of the survey, statistical and semantical analysis of the structure of vocabulary, and an analysis of word-construction. In the statistical analysis two problems are discussed. One is the problem of estimating the amount of vocabulary, viz. the statistical inference of the different number of words in the complete “universe”. The estimate was 43,669 ± 1,616; it was obtained by the curve fitting of a sort of exponential function deducted from some theorems on the relation between the number of running words and the number of different words in the sample using a mathematical model. The other is an approach to the distribution function of the relative frequencies of words, where an approximate function,F(p) = p(ap+b),is applied. In semantic analysis some 16,000 words were listed by revised semantic classification. In the analysis of word-construction, the combination powers of words and the construction patterns inside the words were investigated. In this survey we tried to make use of a linear discriminative function for the judgement of whether two items were the same word or two different words; a discussion of this problem as it arose in an experiment is appended to Report 13

送りがな意識の調査

The purpose of this research is as follows.1. Determination of individual variations in the use of okurigana.2. Determination of the actual uses of okurigana.The present investigation was carried out in 1966 with approximately 3,000 subjects. However, the investigation was not one of the actual behavior (usage) in regard to okurigana, but rather one of individual preferences and habits in the use of okurigana.The subjects of this investigation were 2,955 students and adults. Their ages ranged from the teens to the 60\u27s, but, since the majority were students, the average age was 22.6 years.The greatest differences occurred in regard to the use of okurigana in cases involving such verbs as owaru, awaseru, atumaru and their nominalizations, and compound verbs and their nominalizations such as wari-ateru, harai-sage. Ordinary public officials show a strong tendency not to use okurigana in such cases, with advertizing agents, company advertizing personnel, and college students following close behind them.In general, usage differs according to age, with the tendency to use okurigana decreasing as age increases.The amount of education is related to the use of okurigana in that as it increases there is a clearly stronger tendency to use okurigana regularly with certain words on the one hand and never or rarely to use it with certain other words.There is a correlation between the amount of time spent in newspaper reading and the use of okurigana. The same is true in the case of magazine reading, but the number of letters mailed has no relationship to okurigana use.Individual variation in okurigana use varies greatly depending on the situation, being especially influenced by the order of words and choices in investigation questionnaires.Even when there is little possibility for misreading a character in a compound word, mistakes are made due to the influence of neighboring characters, and okurigana is used in such cases more commonly than in the case of simple words involving the same character. This tendency is especially strong with younger people.In the case of compound words, older people tend to vary the use of okurigana according to relative semantic importance.There is a tendency for okurigana to be used less frequently with nouns than with verbs.In regard to verbs and nouns, there is a tendency for the use of okurigana with nouns (but not verbs) to decrease as age increases.SAIGA Hideo and TUTIYA Sin\u27iti were in charge of this study

送り仮名法資料集

The Japanese language is written with a combination of kanzi (ideographs) and kana (phonograms). We call it "okurigana" when we add kana to kanzi in writing a word. Standard rules of okurigana are necessary. Many opinions about these principles have been propounded since the Meizi Period, each of them considerably different from the others. This collection was edited so that the problems might be clarified before the Japanese Language Commission began their discussions in 1956. Twelve items of the literature, from the Okurigana Rules published by the Official Gazette Department of the Cabinet in 1889 to the Hand Book by the Stenographers\u27 Association of Japan in 1952, are collected and commented on. Besides, about 1,200 words are listed to contrast the okurigana of each method.This study was conducted by ÔNO Yaoko and MIZUTANI Sizuo

語彙の研究と教育(下)

刊行のことば / 野元菊雄7 語の構成と造語法8 語の意味9 語の表記10 語彙資料-辞書と語彙表-11 対照語彙論12 語彙教育-内容と方法-執筆: 玉村文

日本方言親族語彙資料集成

This data source was compiled for use by researchers investigating kinship terms in Japanese dialects and researchers investigating Japanese kinship and families. The following are presented in an overview format grouped according to all the urban and rural prefectures from Hokkaidô in the north to Sakisima in the Ryukyu Islands in the south.1. Dôzoku, Relatives 2. Honke, Bunke 3. Retirement 4. Lineage 5. Head of a family, Housewife 6. Heir 7. Married couple 8. Husband 9. Wife 10. Mistress, Legal wife 11. Second wife, Second husband, Previous wife, Previous husband 12. Widow, Widower 13. Young head of a family, Young housewife 14. Parent 15. Parent and child, Godparent and godchild 16. Father 17. Mother 18. Stepparent, Stepfather, Stepmother, Stepchild 19. Child, Real child, Child by a previous wife 20. Son, Daughter 21. Eldest child, Second child ~ Youngest child 22. Eldest son, Eldest daughter 23. Second son and younger male children 24. Second daughter and younger female children 25. Adopted child, Foster parent 26. Parent’s parent, Grandfather, Grandmother 27. Parent of a parent of a parent, Great grandfather, Great grandmother 28. Grandchild, Great grandchild and Great grandchild’s children 29. Brothers and sisters 30. Elder brother 31. Elder sister 32. Younger brother 33. Younger sister 34.Uncle 35. Aunt 36. Nephew, Niece 37. Cousin, Second cousin and cousins further removed 38. Daughter-in-law (bride) 39. Son-in-law (groom) 40. Father-in-law, Mother-in-law, Sister-in-law 41. Unmarried person (man and woman) irrespective of his or her being beyond marriageable age 42. Ozi and Oba terms used as derogatory terms 43. FamilyThis data source is stored on a total of 32,000 cards: the dialect kinship term cards for each region of Japan included in the Tôzyô Cards which are stored at the National Language Research Institute and cards which supplement these cards. These data were collected from 2 sources, dialect sources for each region of Japan and 932 references, including dialect dictionaries, etc.WATANABE Tomosuke was the primary investigator

動詞・形容詞問題語用例集

執筆: 西尾寅弥，宮島達夫These materials contain examples of problematical verbs and adjectives related to various types of problems met in the study of the meaning and use of verbs and adjectives being carried out at the National Language Research Institute. They are derived from the example cards used in the above-mentioned Reports 43 and 44, which were extracted from 52 modern literary works (approximately 330,000 cards); scientific reports, editorials, and essays (approximately 60,000 cards); 90 magazines published in 1956, and various magazines published in 1953-1954.This book is composed of four parts. In Part I, 1,540 words are listed along with several examples of usage for each word. Since it was impossible to publish all of the examples of usage, other common words appearing in even the smallest dictionaries were left out of consideration. Part II contains examples of approximately 660 verbs and adjectives which have 2 or more readings for the Chinese characters used in writing them. For example, 通って can be read as \u27kayotte\u27 or \u27tôtte\u27, and 甘い as \u27amai\u27 or \u27umai\u27. Part III contains examples of approximately 490 verbs for which the information given in various dictionaries concerning their status as transitive or intransitive verbs is uncertain. These examples have been selected on the basis of their value in making decisions concerning such problems. Part IV is a list of verbs and adjectives arranged in the so-called gozyûon order based on the reversed syllabic spelling of the words. This list can be used for investigating word forms, word endings, etc. NISIO Toraya and MIYAZIMA Tatuo were in charge of the study