25 research outputs found

    MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin.

    No full text
    Benzalkonium chloride (BZK), alkyldimethylbenzlamonium chloride, is a cationic surfactant that is used as an antiseptic. BZK is classified as a quaternary ammonium compound composed of molecules of several alkyl chains of differing lengths, that dictate its effectiveness towards different microbes. As a result, BZK has become one of the most used preservatives in antibacterial solutions. Despite its widespread use, it is not clear whether BZK penetrates human skin. To answer this question, BZK treated skin was analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry imaging. Solutions containing BZK and differing excipients, including citric acid, caprylyl glycol, and vitamin E, were applied ex vivo to excised human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Treated skin was embedded in gelatin and sectioned prior to MALDI-TOF imaging. BZK penetrates through the epidermis and into the dermis, and the penetration depth was significantly altered by pH and additives in tested solutions

    Treated skin single ion heat maps.

    No full text
    Selected ion heat maps of (A) BZK in water, (B) water, (C) Solution 1, (D) Solution 2, (E) BZK + citric acid (pH 4.7), (F) BZK + caprylyl glycol, (G) BZK + vitamin E. The ion m/z 304.30 is shown in red and ion m/z 332.33 in blue. All yellow scale bars represent 2 mm. Skin is oriented with epidermis on the right side. Dotted lines are the selected regions of interest drawn along the edges of the skin.</p

    Commercial solution compositions.

    No full text
    Benzalkonium chloride (BZK), alkyldimethylbenzlamonium chloride, is a cationic surfactant that is used as an antiseptic. BZK is classified as a quaternary ammonium compound composed of molecules of several alkyl chains of differing lengths, that dictate its effectiveness towards different microbes. As a result, BZK has become one of the most used preservatives in antibacterial solutions. Despite its widespread use, it is not clear whether BZK penetrates human skin. To answer this question, BZK treated skin was analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry imaging. Solutions containing BZK and differing excipients, including citric acid, caprylyl glycol, and vitamin E, were applied ex vivo to excised human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Treated skin was embedded in gelatin and sectioned prior to MALDI-TOF imaging. BZK penetrates through the epidermis and into the dermis, and the penetration depth was significantly altered by pH and additives in tested solutions.</div

    Pearson’s correlation coefficient values.

    No full text
    Recorded Pearson’s correlation coefficient values for each skin section MALDI imaging analysis based on comparing its m/z 304 ion heat map to its m/z 332 ion heat map. (XLSX)</p

    Total ion penetration into human skin.

    No full text
    (A) Average penetration observed of ion m/z 304 into the skin. (B) Average penetration observed of ion m/z 332 into the skin. Both are showing the observed thickness of the epidermis in purple and continued ion depth into the dermis in pink. (TIF)</p

    Average difference in BZK ion penetration.

    No full text
    Differences between the average penetration depth of ion m/z 304 to ion m/z 332. A positive value indicates ion m/z 304 was observed deeper while a negative value indicated ion m/z 332 penetrated deeper. (XLSX)</p
    corecore