13 research outputs found
Hopelessly Mortal: The Role of Mortality Salience, Immortality and Trait Self-esteem in Personal Hope
Do people lose hope when thinking about death? Based on Terror Management Theory, we predicted that thoughts of death (i.e., mortality salience) would reduce personal hope for people low, but not high, in self-esteem, and that this reduction in hope would be ameliorated by promises of immortality. In Studies 1 and 2, mortality salience reduced personal hope for people low in self-esteem, but not for people high in self-esteem. In Study 3, mortality salience reduced hope for people low in self-esteem when they read an argument that there is no afterlife, but not when they read âevidenceâ supporting life after death. In Study 4, this effect was replicated with an essay affirming scientific medical advances that promise immortality. Together, these findings uniquely demonstrate that thoughts of mortality interact with trait self-esteem to cause changes in personal hope, and that literal immortality beliefs can aid psychological adjustment when thinking about death. Implications for understanding personal hope, trait self-esteem, afterlife beliefs and terror management are discussed
From Immortal to Mortal: Objectification and Perceptions of a Woman\u27s Soul
Abstract
Objectification most literally refers to perceiving a person as an object. Research shows that when people focus on a woman\u27s appearance, compared to her personality, she is perceived of as more of an object (e.g., lower in human nature traits). These objectification effects, however, rarely occur for male targets. Moreover, humans, unlike objects, are typically believed to have a soul, that is, some part of the self that outlasts the death of the physical body and extends into a post-mortem existence (e.g., Heaven). In turn, I hypothesized that women, but not men, would be perceived as having less soul when focus is on their physical appearance, and that this will be mediated by human nature traits. Partially supporting these hypotheses, in Study 1, males and females were perceived as having (marginally) less of a soul when focus was on their appearance; however, there was no effect of appearance focus on human nature ratings for male or female targets. In Study 2, using a different manipulation of appearance focus and measure of soul ratings, the same findings emerged. In Study 3, focusing on a woman\u27s appearance elicited heightened psychological need for structure and worldview defense when evidence was provided that she had a soul, compared to when evidence was provided that she did not have a soul. This indicates that a woman having a soul is less coherent and meaningful than a woman not having soul when focus is on her appearance. The discussion centers on possible mechanisms for these findings, as well as why the effects were found for male in addition to female targets. Limitations, future directions, and implications are also addressed
Sad to say: is it time for sorrow management theory?
Terror Management Theory (TMT) research often asks respondents to describe their personal death. This exposure enables the testing of hypotheses regarding defenses (âbuffersâ) against the anxious awareness of death. Curiously, though, the respondents' narratives are not analyzed or reported. The present study offers a qualitative analysis of 209 college student narrative responses provided for this purpose by TMT researchers Jeff Greenberg and Nathan Heflick. The narratives are reviewed with attention to affect (adjectives), semantic structure, and theme. Many responses are marked by anxiety, but sorrow is also pervasive. Individual differences in response substance and structure invite further exploration. It is suggested that our understanding of the response to personal death threat could be enhanced by encompassing sorrow as well as anxiety within the same conceptual framework. Several specific hypotheses and suggestions are offered
Sarah Palin: a nation object(ifie)s
In 2008, Republican John McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin, lost the U.S. presidential election to Barack Obama and his vice presidential candidate, Joe Biden. During the campaign, Palinâs physical appearance, including her reported $150,000 makeover, received extensive media coverage. But, could the focus on her appearance have impacted the outcome of the election? Several lines of laboratory research suggest that this focus may have been detrimental to the Republican ticket because 1) it likely undermined perceptions of Palinâs competence, warmth and morality, and 2) it may have increased Palinâs focus on her own appearance, which, consistent with research on self-objectification, likely impaired the competency of her actual performance. Voting research supports the importance of candidatesâ perceived competence and character. Thus, while acknowledging the diverse influences on an electionâs outcome, a strong empirical case can be made that people objected to Sarah Palin (and therefore, John McCain), in part, because she was objectified. In contrast, there is no evidence to suggest that men suffer these same consequences when others, or they themselves, focus on their appearance. Therefore, it is not likely that the Democratic Obama-Biden ticket was hurt by these same factors
Objectifying Sarah Palin: evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human.
Although a great deal of research has examined the effects of objectification on womenâs self-perceptions
and behavior, empirical research has yet to address how objectifying a woman affects the way she is perceived
by others. We hypothesize that focusing on a womanâs appearance will promote reduced perceptions
of competence, and also, by virtue of construing the women as an ââobjectâ, perceptions of the
woman as less human. We found initial experimental evidence for these hypotheses as a function of
objectifying two targets â Sarah Palin and Angelina Jolie. In addition, focusing on Palinâs appearance
reduced intentions to vote for the McCainâPalin ticket (prior to the 2008 US Presidential election). We
discuss these findings in the context of the election and the objectification of women
No atheists in foxholes: Arguments for (but not against) afterlife belief buffers mortality salience effects for atheists
Terror management theory (TMT) posits that people cope with mortality concerns via symbolic immortality (e.g., secular cultural beliefs that outlast death) and/or literal immortality (afterlife belief). However, what happens when these two forms of immortality conflict, as in atheism? Would atheistsâ mortality concerns be better assuaged by affirming an afterlife, or by affirming their literal immortality-denying worldview? Drawing on an untested TMT hypothesis, we predicted that atheists would be buffered from mortality concerns if their atheistic worldview â no life after death â was challenged, but not if it was supported. Results confirmed the hypothesis and were also found for theists and agnostics. These findings support TMT's claim that literal immortality is of paramount importance in ameliorating death concerns
Reply to Comments on âSarah Palin, a Nation Object(ifie)s
In our original article, Sarah Palin, A Nation Object(ifie)s: The Role of Appearance Focus in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, we suggested that a focus on Sarah Palinâs appearance may have harmed the Republican ticket in the 2008 presidential election by leading others to objectify her(creating perception of her as less competent, warm, trustworthy, and generally less human) and potentially undermining her performance by inducing her own self-objectification. In this paper, we address several issues raised by Budesheim (2011) and Heldman and Wade (2011) in response to our article. Specifically, we fine-tune our definition of objectification, provide better evidence that Palinâs appearance was highly focused on, and address some alternative accounts (e.g., overcorrection) raised to account for our experimental findings. We conclude by reiterating the relevance of our research to this real-world situation, but heed the warning to keep our claims grounded with solid empirical and theoretical roots
âWe are peopleâ: Ingroup humanization as an existential defense
Prior research has shown the importance of humanness in shaping one's social identity, but no research has examined why this is the case. The present article reveals that humanizing the ingroup serves a terror management function. In 3 studies, Italian (Studies 1 and 2) and American (Study 3) participants humanized their own group more when their mortality was salient. In Study 3, humanizing the ingroup also functioned to reduce the accessibility of death thoughts. Together, these studies provide clear support for terror management theory as an explanatory framework for ingroup humanization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved
The thrust of the problem: bodily inhibitions and guilt as a function of mortality salience and neuroticism
We argue that existential concerns underlie discomfort
with the physicality of the body and that activities likely to make individuals
aware of their physical body (e.g., sex, dancing) may be inhibited
and cause guilt. Further, individuals high in neuroticism may be especially
vulnerable to such difficulties. To test this, individuals high and low
in neuroticism were primed with thoughts about their mortality or a
control topic and then engaged in an exercise designed to promote body
awareness before self-reporting guilt. A comparison group engaged in
non-body-oriented behavior. The results revealed that high neuroticism
participants inhibited their body-oriented behavior when mortality was
salient and that they experienced a marginal increase in guilt after performing
the behavior in conjunction with mortality salience. Discussion
focuses on the relationship between neuroticism, mortality salience, inhibition
surrounding the body, and guilt
Trio of terror (pregnancy, menstruation, and breastfeeding): an existential function of literal self-objectification among women
Research and theorizing suggest that objectification entails perceiving a person not as a human being but,
quite literally, as an object. However, the motive to regard the self as an object is not well understood.
The current research tested the hypothesis that literal self-objectification can serve a terror management
function. From this perspective, the female body poses a unique existential threat on account of its role
in reproduction, and regarding the self as an object is posited to shield women from this threat because
objects, in contrast to humans, are not mortal. Across 5 studies, 3 operationalizations of literal
self-objectification were employed (a denial of essentially human traits to the self, overlap in the explicit
assignment of traits to the self and objects, and implicit associations between self and objects using an
implicit association test) in response to 3 aspects of womenâs bodies involved in reproduction (pregnancy,
menstruation, and breastfeeding). In each study, priming mortality led women (but not men,
included in Studies 1, 3, 4, and 5) to literally self-objectify in conditions where womenâs reproductive
features were salient. In addition, literal self-objectification was found to mediate subsequent responsiveness
to death-related stimuli (Study 4). Together, these findings are the first to demonstrate a direct
link between mortality salience, womenâs role in reproduction, and their self-objectification, supporting
an existential function of self-objectification in women