Identification of Critical Water Quality Parameters Derived from Principal Component Analysis: Case Study from NOIDA Area in India

Abstract Factor analysis is applied to 18 hydrochemical variables of groundwater quality for 33 groundwater samples to interpret the relationships with specific processes that control the quality of groundwater in Noida area which is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi in the river basin of Yamuna. The three factor model for this area explains 79.30% of total variance. Factor 1, which explains 47.25% of the total variance, has strong positive loadings on Mg . Factor 3 explains 15.30 % of the total variance with strong positive loadings on Na % and SAR. Factor 1, 2 and 3 can be interpreted as salinity, alkalinity and pollution respectively.The geographical distribution of the factor scores at individual bore wells delineated boundaries, which define where groundwater is affected by salinization, alkalinity and pollution. In this study multivariate analysis reveals that the over-pumping and pollution caused differences in terms of water quality and hence for proper management of groundwater requires rainwater harvesting and water softening techniques to reduce the salinity.Thus, this study shows the effectiveness of multivariate statistical technique factor analysis for analysis and interpretation in the groundwater quality problem

Folding of tryptophan mutants of barstar: evidence for an initialhydrophobic collapse on the folding pathway

1997X ABSTRACT: The contributions of the three tryptophan residues of barstar to the spectroscopic properties, stability, and folding of the protein have been studied by mutating two of the tryptophans, Trp38 and Trp44, individually as well as together, to phenylalanines, Phe. The three mutant proteins studied are shown to be similar to wt barstar in structure by activity measurements as well as by spectroscopic characterization. Fluorescence energy transfer between the tryptophans as well as quenching by their local structural environments complicates the analysis of the contributions of the individual tryptophans to the fluorescence of the wt protein, but it is demonstrated that Trp53, which is completely buried within the hydrophobic core, makes the dominant contribution to the fluorescence, while the fluorescence of Trp38 is largely quenched in the fully folded protein. GdnHCl- as well as temperature-induced equilibrium unfolding studies, using three different structural probes, indicate that W38FW44F, where both Trp38 and Trp44 have been removed, follows a two-state unfolding transition and is less stable than the wt barstar. The fluorescence-monitored folding and unfolding kinetics of W38FW44F have been studied in detail. W38FW44F folds 2-fold faster and unfolds 3-fold faster than wt barstar. A large fraction of the total fluorescence change that occurs during folding occurs in a burst phase within 4 ms after commencement of folding. A similar burst phase change in fluorescence, although to a smaller extent, is shown to occu

Spatial distribution of scatterers in the crust by inversion analysis of coda envelopes: a case study of Gauribidanur seismic array (Southern India)

13 pages, 6 figuresThe 3-D spatial distribution of relative scattering coefficients in southern India was estimated by means of an inversion technique applied to coda wave envelopes. The inversion analysis was performed for the first time in this kind of seismological research by means of the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique and filtered backprojection method. Whereas the first one allows to obtain more exact solutions, the second one is a much faster non-iterative algorithm that has proved to provide very accurate reconstructions. Data used consisted of selected 636 vertical-component, short-period recordings of microearthquake codas from shallow earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 0.7 to 3.7 and epicentral distances up to 120 km recorded by the Gauribidanur seismic array (GBA). Results are almost independent of the inversion method used and they are frequency dependent. They show a remarkably uniform distribution of the scattering strength in the crust around GBA. However, a shallow (0–24 km) strong scattering structure, which is only visible at low frequencies, seems to coincide with the Closepet granitic batholith which is the boundary between the eastern and western parts of the Dharwar cratonPeer reviewe

Sensor Based Mattress/Seat for Monitoring Pressure, Temperature and Sweat Concentration to Prevent Pressure Ulcerations

A system for detecting conditions to prevent a bedsore includes a first sensor to detect a first condition that results in the bedsore and to output a first sensor signal from the first sensor indicative of the first condition that results in the bedsore, a controller to receive the first sensor signal and to determine if the condition may result in the bedsore and an alarm responsive to the controller to provide an alarm to indicate that the condition may result in the bedsore