Rheological properties and physical stability of ecological emulsions stabilized by a surfactant derived from cocoa oil and high pressure homogenization

The goal of this work was to investigate the influence of the emulsification method on the rheological properties, droplet size distribution and physical stability of O/W green emulsions formulated with an eco-friendly surfactant derived from cocoa oil. The methodology used can be applied to other emulsions. Polyoxyethylene glycerol esters are non-ionic surfactants obtained from a renewable source which fulfill the environmental and toxicological requirements to be used as eco-friendly emulsifying agents. In the same way, N,NDimethyloctanamide and α-Pinene (solvents used as oil phase) could be considered green solvents. Emulsions with submicron mean diameters and slight shear thinning behavior were obtained regardless of the homogenizer, pressure or number of passes used. All emulsions exhibited destabilization by creaming and a further coalescence process which was applied to the coarse emulsion prepared with a rotor-stator homogenizer. The emulsion obtained with high pressure at 15000 psi and 1-pass was the most stable.Propiedades reológicas y estabilidad física de emulsiones ecológicas estabilizadas por un tensioactivo derivado del aceite de coco y homogeneización de alta presión. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la influencia del método de emulsificación sobre las propiedades reológicas, la distribución de tamaños de gota y la estabilidad física de emulsiones verdes O/W formuladas con un tensioactivo derivado del aceite de coco respetuoso con el medioambiente. La metodología empleada puede ser aplicada a cualquier otro tipo de emulsiones. Los ésteres polietoxilados de glicerina son tensioactivos no iónicos obtenidos de fuentes renovables que cumplen requisitos medioambientales y toxicológicos para ser usados como agentes emulsionantes ecológicos. Del mismo modo, la N,N-dimetil octanamida y el α-Pineno (disolventes usados como fase oleosa) pueden ser considerados como disolventes verdes. Se han obtenido emulsiones con diámetros medio submicrónicos y comportamiento ligeramente pseudoplástico independientemente del equipo, la presión o el número de pasadas empleados. Todas las emulsiones presentaron desestabilización por cremado y un proceso posterior de coalescencia que fue completado por la pre-emulsión preparada con un homogeneizador rotor estator. La emulsión obtenida con el homogeneizador de alta presión a 15000 psi y 1-pasada fue la más establ

Sport, Masculinity, Race and Nation: A Case of Fandom and the Football Industry

Football (or soccer in America) is one of the most popular sports in the world, it is played worldwide from the United Kingdom to the Laos Islands. Usually called the beautiful game, fans\u27 traditions are inherited from parents to children, and legendary players are venerated as demigods. However, with its growth, also came the growth of a billions-worth “non-profit” industry governed by FIFA. The love of the game is also used to explore the concept of “nation” and has a long history with dictatorships using “passion” to cover up their human rights violations as well as attempts to use it to reinforce national identities while reinforcing racial stereotypes. The present study examines the relationship between fans and identities (as well as how they perceive rivals), the exploitation of the sport for nationalistic purposes and how athletes carry that mission, and how racism and football are intertwined with a special focus on Latin America and Europe due to their long history with the sport. The research for this study consisted of peer reviews from different studies on the sport, from the sociological to the political level, as well as zoom interviews with fans around the world and questions done in the r/soccer subreddit. Interviews were from 7-10 total people, and roughly ten answers to the question on reddit. Among the limitations for this study is how fans are a heterogeneous group - and how most fans do not think alike, and the major findings were that even though some people choose to become fans on their own, it is usually a family tradition and that people usually prefer a nation win over a club win