Extractive Fermentation as A Novel Strategy for High Cell Mass Production of Hetero-Fermentative Probiotic Strain Limosilactobacillus reuteri

This study reports on a novel technique to enhance the high cell mass and viable cell counts of the heterofermentative probiotic strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri. This is the first report on the cultivation of L. reuteri, which was incorporated with weak base anion-exchange resins to remove the accumulating lactic acid in the fermentation broth. Two anion-exchange resins—Amberlite IRA 67 and IRA 96—were found to have a high adsorption capacity with lactic acid. Batch fermentation and fed-batch cultivation were further analyzed using IRA 67 resins, as this application resulted in a higher maximum number of viable cells. The in situ application of anion-exchange resins was found to create shear stress, and thus, it does not promote growth of L. reuteri; therefore, an external and integrated resin column system was proposed. The viable cell count from batch fermentation, when incorporated with the integrated resin column, was improved by 71 times (3.89 × 1011 ± 0.07 CFU mL−1) compared with control batch fermentation (5.35 × 109 ± 0.32 CFU mL−1), without the addition of resins. The growth improvement was achieved due to the high adsorption rate of lactic acid, which was recorded by the integrated IRA 67 resin system, and coupled with the stirred tank bioreactor batch fermentation process

Agro-industrial waste: a potential feedstock for pullulan production

Nowadays, the growing interest of using of biopolymer to replace petroleum based material asare increasing tremendously. Microbial biopolymers are usually water-soluble gum which have innovative and unique physical characteristics.Pullulan is a biodegradable and water soluble exopolysaccharide synthesized by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. This polymorphic fungus is well known as producer of the polysaccharide, pullulan and other by-products such as oil, organic acids, pigment, and others. Pullulan has extensive applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical, and food industries because of its advantageous chemical and physical properties. Pullulan’s structure is co-existence of á-(1, 4) and á-(1, 6) linkages which is nontoxic, tasteless and non-mutagenic. Some of its excellent properties are low viscosity, non-toxicity, slow digestibility, high plasticity, and excellent film-forming capabilities. Although pullulan shows great potential in several industries, its high production cost is a major drawback. Therefore, cheaper and accessible substrate which can minimize the production cost is needed. This review highlights the potential use of agro-industrial waste as an alternative source feedstock for pullulan production and its biosynthesis, chemical structure, production process and applications

An Insight into Probiotics Bio-Route: Translocation from the Mother’s Gut to the Mammary Gland

Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed