Additional file 1: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S1. Comparison of the gut microbiota composition between ASD children following exclusion diet and ASD children following unrestricted diet. (A) Sørensen-Dice distance based PCoA; (B) Bray-Curtis distance based PCoA. Red dots: exclusion diet; green dots: unrestricted diet. (JPG 51 kb

Additional file 4: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S3. (A) RDA model showing the separation between samples from ASD children following exclusion diet after the intervention (placebo vs B-GOS®). Blue dots: samples from children taking placebo; Pink dots: samples from children taking B-GOS®. (B) Bar chart of the most abundant bacteria in ASD children following exclusion diet after intervention (placebo vs B-GOS®; bacterial abundances above 1%). (JPG 174 kb

Additional file 7: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S6. OPLS-DA obtained comparing the metabolic profile in faecal samples of ASD children in unrestricted diet taking B-GOS to those taking placebo. Compounds identified: dimethylglycine (DMG); glutamate; butyrate; valerate; ethanol; alanine; lactate; isoleucine; leucine; valine; uracil; phenylalanine; tyrosine. (PNG 100 kb

Additional file 6: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S5. OPLS-DA obtained comparing the metabolic profile in urine samples of ASD children in unrestricted diet taking B-GOSÂŽ to those taking placebo. Compounds identified: dimethylglycine (DMG); dimenthylalanine (DMA); creatinine; creatine; PAG (Phenylacetilglycine); cartine; malonate; TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide); citrate; adipate; beta-hydroxybutyrate; phenylalanine. (JPG 79 kb

Additional file 5: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S4. Analysis of the most abundant Bifidobacterium spp. using 16S rRNA sequencing. (1) before B-GOS®; (2) after B-GOS®; (3) before placebo; (4) after placebo; (5) unrestricted diet before B-GOS®; (6) unrestricted diet after B-GOS®; (7) unrestricted diet before placebo; (8) unrestricted diet after placebo; (9) exclusion diet before B-GOS®; (10) exclusion diet after B-GOS®; (11) exclusion diet before placebo; (12) exclusion diet after placebo. *P < 0.05. (JPG 65 kb

Additional file 2: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Table S1. Bacterial groups (Log10) significantly associated with separation in RDA model (P < 0.004). (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Investigating mechanisms underpinning the detrimental impact of a high-fat diet in the developing and adult hypermuscular myostatin null mouse

Blood parameters. Values from minimum of six male mice. (DOCX 13 kb

Additional file 3: of A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Figure S2. Comparison of bacterial richness and diversity before and after B-GOS treatment in ASD children following unrestricted diet. Rarefaction curves and box plots showed that B-GOS supplementation increased the diversity in gut microbial composition of ASD children in unrestricted diet. (JPG 83 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Investigating mechanisms underpinning the detrimental impact of a high-fat diet in the developing and adult hypermuscular myostatin null mouse

Effect of high fat diet on Gastrocnemius lipid content. All values are fraction of total lipid content. ANOVA; (*) P<0.05 vs. WT ND; WT HF; (**) P<0.05 vs. Mstn-/- ND. N=6 male mice per group

Expression of SGK1 in wild-type and <i>Mstn</i>^{<i>−/−</i>} Tibialis Anterior (TA) before and after acute 24 starvation.

<p>(A) Western blot and scanning densitometry analysis of 54kD band. (B) (D) Altered profile of SGK1 expression in IIB fibres of <i>Mstn</i>^{<i>−/−</i>} TA muscle. (C) Immunochemistry for the expression of MCH IIB and SGK1 (Scale bar = 100μm). (E) Western blot analysis of phosphorylated FoxO3a at residues T32 and S253 from the TA muscles and the influence of starvation. Phosphorylation at T32 indicated by arrow marking the upper band. (F) Quantification of pFoxO3a-T32/ FoxO3a (Two-way ANOVA; *p<0.05).</p