Theoretical approaches to elections defining

Theoretical approaches to elections defining develop the nature, essence and content of elections, help to determine their place and a role as one of the major national law institutions in democratic system

Legal dualism of local government in Russia

The article justifies the statement about the legal dualism of local government in modern Russia

Constitutional obligations of a person and a citizen

The constitution of the Russian Federation does not contain the list of obligations, but theoretically each legal right is supposed to correspond to a legal obligation. Such conformity is achieved by means of attaching obligations not only by Constitution, but by the branch legislation either

Citizens meetings in democratic system

Citizens meeting is one of the forms of practically applied local self-administration realization by the population. However, it is necessary to carry out further work, concerning perfection of the given institution regulation

An Integrated Approach to Rapid Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Multidrug Resistance Using Liquid Culture and Molecular Methods in Russia

Objective: To analyse the feasibility, cost and performance of rapid tuberculosis (TB) molecular and culture systems, in a high multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) middle-income region (Samara, Russia) and provide evidence for WHO policy change. Methods: Performance and cost evaluation was conducted to compare the BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960 system for culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) and molecular systems for TB diagnosis, resistance to isoniazid and rifampin, and MDR TB identification compared to conventional Lowenstein-Jensen culture assays. Findings: 698 consecutive patients (2487 sputum samples) with risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis were recruited. Overall M. tuberculosis complex culture positivity rates were 31.6% (787/2487) in MGIT and 27.1% (675/2487) in LJ (90.5% and 83.2% for smear-positive specimens). In total, 809 cultures of M. tuberculosis complex were isolated by any method. Median time to detection was 14 days for MGIT and 36 days for LJ (10 and 33 days for smear positive specimens) and indirect DST in MGIT took 9 days compared to 21 days on LJ. There was good concordance between DST on LJ and MGIT (96.8% for rifampin and 95.6% for isoniazid). Both molecular hybridization assay results correlated well with MGIT DST results, although molecular assays generally yielded higher rates of resistance (by approximately 3% for both isoniazid and rifampin). Conclusion: With effective planning and logistics, the MGIT 960 and molecular based methodologies can be successfully introduced into a reference laboratory setting in a middle incidence country. High rates of MDR TB in the Russian Federation make the introduction of such assays particularly useful. © 2009 Balabanova et al

Legal regulation and legal pressure: notions correlation

Legal regulation and legal pressure are closely connected, but don’t coincide and correlate as part and whole

Изменение объема кратковременной памяти под влиянием стрессогенного воздействия у курсантов

Introduction. The effects of moderate-intensity stressors on short-term memory are studied, which is relevant to the professional training of first responders (firefighters) when preparing them for emergencies. This study investigates changes in the capacity of short-term memory under stress. Significant differences were found among memory parameters of fire cadets and students of civilian specialties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental study of the stress impact on the short-term memory capacity that takes into account professional education and training of the respondents. Methods. The study comprised 90 respondents, including 50 fire cadets of the Academy of State Fire Service and 40 students of Moscow universities. The subjects were divided into an experimental group and three control groups. Stressful stimuli (disturbing photo- and audio materials) were presented to respondents from two groups; respondents in two other groups were presented with neutral stimuli. The short-term memory capacity before and after the stressful stimulation was assessed with the Digit Span Test. The physiological signals of the subjects were measured during the experiment. Results. In fire cadets, stress resulted in a significant increase in memory capacity, while memory capacity showed a slight decrease in students. Physiological response to stressful conditions was different between students and fire cadets. Compared to cadets, the baseline muscle tension measures were higher in students. Compared to students, cardiovascular system parameters (systolic wave amplitude, pulse transit time) changed faster in cadets. However, these parameters changed not as substantially as those in students. Discussion. In fire cadets, memory capacity and its change due to stressful effects were associated with levels of non-verbal intelligence. It might also be mediated by emergency professionals\u27 competencies. The system of selection, psychological training, and counseling of fire cadets in the Academy of State Fire Service is considered to be an important factor in the stability of cognitive functions under stress.Введение. Исследуется влияние стрессогенного воздействия умеренной интенсивности на кратковременную память, что востребовано практикой подготовки специалистов экстремального профиля (спасателей) к профессиональной деятельности. Объектом исследования является изменение объема кратковременной памяти под воздействием стрессогенных факторов. Определено существование значимых различий между показателями памяти курсантов и студентов специальностей, не связанных с деятельностью в экстремальных условиях. Новизна заключается в проведенном экспериментальном исследовании влияния стрессогенного воздействия на объем кратковременной памяти с учётом фактора профессиональной направленности испытуемых. Методы. В исследовании приняли участие 90 человек: 50 курсантов силового ведомства и 40 студентов московских вузов. Испытуемые были разделены на четыре группы, из которых одна экспериментальная и три контрольные. Двум группам были предъявлены фото- и аудиоматериалы стрессогенного содержания; двум другим группам – материалы нейтрального содержания. Объем кратковременной памяти испытуемых до и после предъявления материалов определялся при помощи методики Digit Span Test. На протяжении всего эксперимента замерялись физиологические параметры испытуемых. Результаты. У курсантов силового ведомства объем памяти в стрессогенных условиях значимо увеличивается, в то время как объем памяти студентов показывает незначимое снижение. Также в стрессогенных условиях студенты и курсанты демонстрируют разный физиологический ответ: студенты имеют более высокое исходное мышечное напряжение, в то время как показатели сердечно-сосудистой системы курсантов (амплитуда систолической волны, время распространения пульсовой волны) меняются быстрее, при этом не так выраженно, как у студентов. Обсуждение результатов. Показатели объема памяти и его устойчивость к стрессогенным воздействиям курсантов связаны с уровнем невербального интеллекта, а также могут быть опосредованы профессионально-важными качествами и мотивационными особенностями. В качестве важного фактора устойчивости когнитивных функций рассматривается система отбора и психологического сопровождения курсантов силового ведомства

Transferability and polymorphism of SSR markers located in flavonoid pathway genes in fragaria and rubus species

Статья из журнала.Strawberry (Fragaria) and raspberry (Rubus) are very popular crops, and improving their nutritional quality and disease resistance are important tasks in their breeding programs that are becoming increasingly based on use of functional DNA markers. We identified 118 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat—SSR) loci in the nucleotide sequences of flavonoid biosynthesis and pathogenesis-related genes and developed 24 SSR markers representing some of these structural and regulatory genes. These markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 48 Fragaria and Rubus specimens, including wild species and rare cultivars, which differ in berry color, ploidy, and origin. We have demonstrated that a high proportion of the developed markers are transferable within and between Fragaria and Rubus genera and are polymorphic. Transferability and polymorphism of the SSR markers depended on location of their polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer annealing sites and microsatellite loci in genes, respectively. High polymorphism of the SSR markers in regulatory flavonoid biosynthesis genes suggests their allelic variability that can be potentially associated with differences in flavonoid accumulation and composition. This set of SSR markers may be a useful molecular tool in strawberry and raspberry breeding programs for improvement anthocyanin related traits. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Effect of Hydroxyl-Containing Fragments on the Structure and Properties of Membrane-Forming Polyamide-Imides

The structural features and thermophysical and transport properties of dense nonporous membranes of the casting type from (co)polyamide-imides synthesized by the polycondensation of the diacid chloride of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid and diamines 5,5′-methylene-bis (2-aminophenol) (DADHyDPhM) and 4,4′-methylenebis(benzeneamine) (DADPhM), taken in molar ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7, have been studied. The effect of hydroxyl-containing modifying fragments of dihydroxy diphenylmethane introduced in various amounts into the main polymer chain on the pervaporation properties of the formed films is discussed. It has been shown that the presence of the residual solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in the films not only has a plasticizing effect on the characteristics of film membranes but also promotes the preferential transmembrane transport of polar liquids, primarily methanol (permeation rate over 2 kg for a copolymer with a ratio of DADHyDPhM:DADPhM = 7:3). The removal of the residual solvent from the polymer film, both thermally (heating to 200 °C) and by displacement with another solvent as a result of sequential pervaporation, led to a significant decrease in the rate of transfer of polar liquids and a decrease in the selectivity of the membrane. However, the dehydrocyclization reaction resulted in more brittle films with low permeability to penetrants of different polarities. The results of our comprehensive study made it possible to assume the decisive influence of structural changes in membranes occurring in connection with the competitive formation of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds