PERFIS ALIMENTARES E NUTRICIONAIS DE ADOLESCENTES BRASILEIROS

The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dietary and nutritional profiles of Brazilian adolescents and their associations with sociodemographic, behavioral and sustainability factors. Data from 16,556 adolescents evaluated by the 2015 National Adolescent Health Survey were used. The information was generated from Descriptive and Correspondence Analysis of the main variables - food and nutritional profiles (combination of dietary pattern categories with nutritional status categories) - and secondary. The most prevalent profile was identified as the type of dietary pattern (BP) with the lowest nutritional risk (NB) with normal weight, grouping 42.6% (95%CI: 41.3-43.7) of the adolescents, followed by the PA profiles of higher NB with normal weight (28.1%; 95%CI: 27.1-29.0), BP of lower NB with excess weight (17.5%; 95%CI: 16.7-18.3), BP of higher NB with excess weight (9.2%; 95%CI: 8.6-9.8), BP of lower NB with thinness (1.5%; 95%CI: 1.3-1.8) and BP of greater NB with thinness (1.1%; 95%CI: 0.9-1.4). These food and nutritional profiles coexist with different ways of life among Brazilian adolescents marked by sociodemographic, behavioral and sustainability aspects. The identification of these profiles and how they are distributed in the population allows for a better diagnosis of the realities of adolescents and the planning of more targeted and resolute feeding actions.O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as prevalências dos perfis alimentares e nutricionais de adolescentes brasileiros e suas associações com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de sustentabilidade. Foram utilizados dados de 16.556 adolescentes avaliados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. As informações foram geradas a partir de Análise descritiva e de Correspondência das variáveis principais – perfis alimentares e nutricionais (combinação de categorias do padrão alimentar com categorias do estado nutricional) - e secundárias. Identificou-se como perfil mais prevalente o tipo padrão alimentar (PA) de menor risco nutricional (RN) com eutrofia agrupando 42,6% (IC95%: 41,3-43,7) dos adolescentes, esse foi seguido pelos perfis PA de maior RN com eutrofia (28,1%; IC95%: 27,1-29,0), PA de menor RN com excesso de peso (17,5%; IC95%:16,7-18,3), PA de maior RN com excesso de peso (9,2%; IC95%:8,6-9,8), PA de menor RN com magreza (1,5%; IC95%:1,3-1,8) e PA de maior RN com magreza (1,1%; IC95%: 0,9-1,4). Esses perfis alimentares e nutricionais coexistem com formas de vida diferentes entre os adolescentes brasileiros marcadas por aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de sustentabilidade. A identificação desses perfis e como se distribuem na população permite um melhor diagnósticos das realidades dos adolescentes e ao planejamento de ações de alimentação mais direcionadas e resolutivas

Sensory evaluation of sodium-reduced foods: university consumers\' perspectives

Introdução - A redução da ingestão excessiva de sódio pelas populações é uma preocupação que integra a agenda de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Países como Brasil e Portugal possuem dados que revelam o consumo elevado de sódio em suas populações, e estudos para entender as percepções e conhecimentos de consumidores frente a redução de sódio/sal tornam-se relevantes nesse contexto. Objetivos - Avaliar a percepção sensorial da redução de sal em preparações culinárias de dois países de língua portuguesa e investigar os conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sobre sal em universitários. Métodos - Foi realizado um estudo transversal com consumidores de dois restaurantes universitários em São Paulo (SP), Brasil e Porto (PO), Portugal. Os participantes responderam a um questionário eletrônico, por meio do qual foram obtidos dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre rotina, percepções e preocupações alimentares, conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos quanto à ingestão de sal. Análises descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, análise bivariada e multivariada de Poisson e análise de correspondência foram realizados utilizando as ferramentas SPSS, STATA e XLSTAT. Realizou-se a caracterização sensorial de preparações de entrada (sopas vegetais, PO) e de refeição principal (carne moída e batata assada, SP) provenientes de cardápios dos restaurantes das instituições. Determinou-se o teor de sódio das preparações de sopas de nabiças, couve lombarda e cenoura (PO), carne moída e batata assada (SP), com a quantidade usual de sal e reduções de até 35%, pelos métodos de fotometria de chama (PO) e espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (SP). Aos participantes, foram aplicados testes Check-All-Apply (CATA); testes afetivos de aceitação, por meio de escala hedônica de 9 pontos, e de intensidade do gosto salgado, por meio de escala não estruturada de 10 cm contendo \"muito\" e \"pouco\" salgado nos extremos. Análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal Wallis, Q de Cochran, penalidade e análise de correspondência foram analisadas pelo software XLSTAT. Resultados - 151 universitários em Porto e 309 em São Paulo aceitaram participar do estudo e responderam ao questionário eletrônico; 107 de PO e 177 de SP responderam aos testes sensoriais. Verificou-se nos públicos de universitários a presença de comportamentos/atitudes de risco para a ingestão excessiva de sódio/sal tais como o pouco interesse em reduzir sal da alimentação, o uso de sal de mesa, além do baixo conhecimento quanto às recomendações. Em ambos os grupos, a maior preocupação com o sódio/sal associou-se a menor prevalência de comportamentos de risco para ingestão excessiva; o hábito de cozinhar e a prática de atividade física reduziram as prevalências desses comportamentos em São Paulo e Porto, respectivamente. Os teores de sódio (mg/100g) das amostras reduziram de 234,70±4,64 para 119,28±1,69 (sopa de nabiças); de 180,81±3,97 para 95,41±4,17 (sopa de couve lombarda); de 260,26±5,41 para 106,62±11,82 (sopa de cenoura); de 369,30±28,89 para 334,73±11,91 (carne) e de 229,54±23,28 para 137,98±7,89 (batata), considerado as preparações habituais e com reduções de 35%, respectivamente. As preparações de sopas de entrada não apresentaram alteração da aceitação e percepção o gosto salgado com a redução gradual de sal, sendo consideradas \"mais cremosas\" pelos universitários do Porto. Já para o público de SP, as preparações de carne apresentaram redução da aceitação global, das notas de intensidade de sal e aroma; e, para o acompanhamento, batata, redução da percepção da intensidade de sal e aroma, embora sem diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) para a aceitação ao longo da redução de sal, ou seja, pode ser reduzida a quantidade de sal habitualmente usada. Conclusões - A redução de sal afetou a aceitação da preparação proteica (carne bovina), sem prejuízos nas preparações de origem vegetal (batata e sopas), sendo essencial aliar estratégias nutricionais a fim de corrigir perdas associadas a sabor e aroma das preparações. Destaca-se, ainda, a necessidade de maiores estudos com indivíduos para avaliar suas percepções sensoriais quanto à redução de sal dietético, em apoio e monitoramento às políticas de redução de sal existentes nos países. Por fim, sugere-se a realização de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional dentro dos ambientes universitários para maior conscientização dos consumidores sobre o sal (ex.: conhecimento das recomendações de ingestão, das fontes de sal na alimentação; o estímulo ao uso de ervas e especiarias, consultar o rótulo dos alimentos, dentre outras), além do incentivo às práticas promotoras da saúde como cozinhar e realizar atividade física, conforme sugeridos nos modelos estimados pelo presente estudo.Introduction - The reduction of excessive sodium intake by populations is a concern that is part of the public health agenda worldwide. Countries like Brazil and Portugal have data that reveal the high sodium consumption in their populations, and studies to understand how consumers\' perceptions and knowledge of sodium / salt reduction become relevant in this context. Objectives - Assess the sensory perception of salt reduction in culinary preparations from two Portuguese-speaking countries and investigate the salt-knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in university students. Methods - A cross-sectional study was conducted with consumers from two university restaurants in São Paulo (SP), Brazil and Oporto (PO), Portugal. Participants regarding an electronic questionnaire, through which sociodemographic data, information on routine, dietary perceptions and concerns, knowledge, attitudes and behavior (KAB) regarding salt intake were obtained. Descriptive analyzes, Pearson\'s chi-square test, bivariate and multivariate Poisson analysis and correspondence analysis were performed using the SPSS, STATA and XLSTAT tools. Sensory characterization of starter preparations (vegetable soups, OP) and main meals (ground meat and roasted potatoes, SP) from menus of the institutions\' restaurants was carried out. The sodium content of the soup preparations of turnip greens, savoy cabbage and carrots (OP), ground beef and roasted potatoes (SP) was determined with the usual amount of salt and reductions of up to 35% by flame photometry methods (OP) and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (SP). Participants were Check-All-Apply testicles (CATA); affective testicles of acceptance, by means of a hedonic scale of 9 points, and intensity of salty taste, by means of a 10 cm unstructured scale containing \"much\" and \"little\" salty at the ends. Descriptive statistical analyzes, Shapiro-Wilk tests, Kruskal Wallis, Cochran\'s Q, penalty and correspondence analysis were advanced by the XLSTAT software. Results - 151 university students from OP and 309 from SP agreed to participate in the study and answer the electronic questionnaire; 107 of OP and 177 of SP responded to sensory tests. It was verified in the public of university students the presence of risk behavior / attitudes towards excessive sodium / salt intake, such as the lack of interest in reducing dietary salt, the use of table salt, in addition to low knowledge regarding recommendations. In both groups, the greater concern with sodium / salt was associated with a lower prevalence of risk for excessive intake; the habit of cooking and the practice of physical activity reduced the behavioral prevalence in São Paulo and Oporto, respectively. The sodium content (mg/100g) decreased from 234.70 ± 4.64 to 119.28 ± 1.69 (turnip soup); from 180.81 ± 3.97 to 95.41 ± 4.17 (savoy cabbage soup); from 260.26 ± 5.41 to 106.62 ± 11.82 (carrot soup); from 369.30 ± 28.89 to 334.73 ± 11.91 (meat) and from 229.54 ± 23, 28 to 137.98 ± 7.89 (potato) with usual salt contents and reductions of 35%, respectively. The preparations of starter soups do not dissipate the acceptance and intensity of the salt intensity over the gradual reduction, considered \"creamy\" by the university students of Oporto. For the public in São Paulo, as meat preparations, reduced acceptance, salt and aroma intensity notes; for the accompaniment, potato, reduced perception of salt intensity and aroma, although there are no significant differences for acceptance along the reduction of salt, that is, the amount of salt usually used can be reduced. Conclusions - The reduction of salt affected the acceptance of the protein preparation (beef), without prejudice to preparations of vegetable origin (potatoes and soups), which makes essential to combine nutritional strategies in order to correct losses associated with the flavor and aroma of the preparations. It is also highlighted the need for further studies with individuals to assess their sensory perceptions regarding the reduction of dietary salt, in support and monitoring of salt reduction policies existing in countries. Finally, it is suggested to carry out actions of food and nutrition education within university environments to increase consumer awareness of salt (eg, knowledge of recommendations for intake, sources of salt in the diet; encouragement of the use of herbs and spices, consult the food label, among others), in addition to encouraging health-promoting practices such as cooking and physical activity, as suggested in the models estimated by the present study

Dietary and Nutritional Profiles among Brazilian Adolescents

(1) Background: The present study analyzed the prevalence of dietary and nutritional profiles among Brazilian adolescents and their associations with social determinants of health. (2) Methods: A population-based survey was administered to 16,409 adolescents assessed by the 2015 National School Health Survey. A multivariate model of dietary and nutritional profiles was estimated from correspondence analysis. (3) Results: The dietary and nutritional profiles more prevalent among Brazilian adolescents were “lower nutritional risk dietary pattern and eutrophic” (42.6%), “lower nutritional risk dietary pattern and overweight” (6.8%), and “higher nutritional risk dietary pattern and overweight” (6.0%). Healthier profiles were associated with less urbanized territories, health-promoting behaviors, and families with worse material circumstances. The less healthy profiles were associated with more urbanized environments, health risk behaviors, and families with better material circumstances. (4) Brazilian adolescents have different dietary and nutritional profiles that are characterized by sociopolitical and economic contexts, family material and school circumstances, and the behavioral and psychosocial health factors of the individuals. All of this points to the social determination of these health problems among adolescents in Brazil

Social Determinants of Obesity and Stunting among Brazilian Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity and stunting among Brazilian adolescents and its associations with social determinants of health (individual, family, and school), grounded on the necessity of investigating the determinants of nutritional problems within this population. (2) Methods: A population-based survey was administered to 16,556 adolescents assessed by the 2015 National School Health Survey. Multivariate models of obesity and stunting were estimated from Multilevel Poisson Regressions. (3) Results: The prevalence of obesity among Brazilian adolescents (10.0%; 95% CI: 9.4–10.6) was associated directly with indifference or dissatisfaction with body image, with eating breakfast four or fewer days a week, living with up to four people in the household, studying in private schools, and being from the South region, and was inversely associated with being female, 15 years old or older, with having the highest nutritional risk eating pattern, dining at fast-food restaurants, and eating while watching television or studying. The prevalence of stunting (2.3%; 95% CI: 2.0–2.8) was directly associated with the age of 15 years or older, and inversely associated with the lower number of residents living in the household, maternal education—decreasing gradient from literate to college level education, studying in urban schools, and being from the South and Central-West regions. (4) Conclusions: Obesity in adolescence presented behavioral determinants. Stunting and obesity have structural social determinants related, respectively, to worse and better socioeconomic position among Brazilian adolescents

Dietary Environmental Footprints and Their Association with Socioeconomic Factors and Food Purchase Practices: BRAZUCA Natal Study

The analysis of dietary environmental impacts has proven to be an important tool for guiding the adoption of healthier and more sustainable diets. This study aimed to estimate the dietary carbon (CF), water (WF), and ecological (EF) footprints of residents in the city of Natal, Brazil; the study also aimed to verify their association with socioeconomic factors and food purchase practices. This is a cross-sectional study that used dietary data from 411 adults and elderlies, which was collected via a questionnaire that applied to the respondents. The results showed that the dietary CF was 1901.88 g CO2 eq/day/1000 kcal, the WF was 1834.03 L/day/1000 kcal, and the EF was 14.29 m2/day/1000 kcal. The highest environmental footprint values showed an association (p ≤ 0.05) with the factors of male sex, white ethnicity, and higher income and schooling, whereas the lowest environmental footprint values were associated with social vulnerability variables such as female sex, non-white ethnicity, and lower income and schooling (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, people with lower environmental footprints consumed less fast food, had fewer meals at snack bars, and used food delivery services less often than those with higher footprints. The foods that most contributed to the CFs and WFs were beef and chicken, while fish and beef contribute the most to the EFs. The data in the present study show that a diet with a lower environmental impact is not always equal to a sustainable diet. This relationship is paradoxical and relates to food justice, as people with lower environmental footprint values are the same ones with worse socioeconomic conditions. In this sense, is it essential to consider the influence of the social context when assessing dietary environmental impacts and when assessing actions that promote healthier and more sustainable diets

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data