Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 3

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever (A) or exclusive breastfeeding for ≥3–4 months (B) and type 1 diabetes mellitus. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 2

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever and recurrent wheeze at age 5–14 years (A) and a Funnel plot for this analysis showing evidence of publication bias (B). Egger test <i>P</i> = 0.012. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 7

<p>RCT findings for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation compared with no polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of allergic sensitisation to any allergen (A), any inhalant allergen (B), any food allergen (C), milk (D), egg (E), or peanut (F). CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 5

<p>RCT findings for probiotic supplementation compared with no probiotics and risk of allergic sensitisation to any allergen (A), any inhalant allergen (B), any food allergen (C), egg (D), milk (E), or peanut (F). CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.

<p>GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 8

<p>Randomised controlled trial findings for multifaceted dietary interventions compared with no multifaceted intervention and risk of allergic rhinitis at age ≤4 years (A) or 5–14 years (B), wheeze (C) or recurrent wheeze (D) at age 5–14 years, and wheeze (E) or recurrent wheeze (F) at age ≤4 years. CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 9

<p>RCT findings for vitamin supplementation compared with no vitamin supplementation and risk of wheeze (A), recurrent wheeze (B), or eczema (C) at age ≤4 years. CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

TSA of intervention trials evaluating the effect of fish oil supplementation on risk of allergic sensitisation to egg.

<p>The vertical red line is the optimal information size, i.e., the cumulative sample size required to establish with 80% power and 5% 2-sided significance whether the intervention reduces risk of the outcome by ≥20%, allowing for repeatedly meta-analysing the accumulating studies. The horizontal green line is a z score of +1.96, equal to two-sided <i>P</i> = 0.05. The cumulative Z-statistic (blue line) does not reach the optimal information size and does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary (curved red line), indicating no clear evidence for ≥20% relative risk reduction. Findings were similar for ≥30% relative risk reduction. No., number; TSA, trial sequential analysis.</p

PRISMA flow chart.

<p>CENTRAL, Central Register of Controlled Trials; EMBASE, Excerpta Medica dataBASE; LILACS, Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde; MEDLINE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online.</p

RCT findings for prebiotic supplementation compared with no prebiotics and risk of eczema at age ≤4 years.

<p>CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p