Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived Glucose by One-Pot Method into Levulinic Acid over Na-BEA Zeolite

This article presents the results of the conversion of biomass-based glucose to levulinic acid (LA) with the use of Na-BEA commercial zeolite catalyst. For this purpose, synthetic zeolite BEA was used as a matrix. The glucose conversion process with the participation of Na-BEA zeolite allowed the following acids to be obtained: levulinic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid and formic acid. The highest yield of levulinic acid was achieved when processed for 1–5 h at 200–250 °C with 0.1 g and 0.6 g of Na-BEA catalyst. We also compare the one-pot heterogeneous process with similar homogeneous process using H2SO4 as catalyst

Comparison of Synthetic and Natural Zeolite Catalysts’ Behavior in the Production of Lactic Acid and Ethyl Lactate from Biomass-Derived Dihydroxyacetone

This article presents the results of the conversion of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to lactic acid (LA) with the use of zeolite catalysts. For this purpose, synthetic zeolite beta (BEA) and natural clinoptilolite (CLI) were used as a matrix. The zeolites were modified with various metals (Sn, Fe, Cu and Zn) during ion exchange under hydrothermal conditions. The DHA conversion process with the participation of metal-functionalized zeolites allowed us to obtain intermediates, i.e., pyruvic aldehyde (PAL), which during the further reaction was transformed into a mixture of products such as ethyl lactate (EL), pyruvic aldehyde (PA), lactic acid and ethyl acetate (EA). The best selectivity towards lactic acid was achieved using Sn-CLI (100%) > Na-BEA (98.7%) > Sn-BEA (95.9%) > Cu-BEA (92.9%), ethyl lactate using Cu-CLI, and pyruvic aldehyde using the Zn-BEA catalyst. In the case of a natural zeolite, modification with Sn is promising for obtaining a pure lactic acid with a relatively good carbon balance

Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived Hemicellulose Sugars by the One-Pot Method into Oxalic, Lactic, and Levulinic Acids Using a Homogeneous H2SO4 Catalyst

This article presents the conditions for the conversion of hemicellulose with different contents of C6 and C5 carbohydrates and uronic acids based on the OrganoCat process, and the abbreviations M1, M2, and M3 are used. Homogenous catalysis with sulfuric acid (VI) in the concentration range of 0.1–1 M was used in the study to determine its activity on the ability to transform a hemicellulose mixture. The process was carried out using the one-pot technique in the temperature range of 100–250 °C for 1–5 h. Based on the use of the chromatographic technique (HPLC-RID) together with a comparison with standard substances, the resulting chemical compounds were determined and identified from the post-reaction mixtures. The degree of covalence of the raw material, the selectivity of the obtained chemical compounds, and the yield of lactic acid were also determined. Based on the obtained results, lactic acid with the highest yield (64.57%) was obtained after 1 h of the process from the M1 mixture at the temperature of 100 °C with 0.1 M sulfuric acid (VI) as a catalyst. The formation of oxalic acid was also observed, which is present in all post-reaction mixtures, regardless of the composition of the raw material, temperature, and time. Its efficiency was determined at an average level of 90%

Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived Hemicellulose Sugars by the One-Pot Method into Oxalic, Lactic, and Levulinic Acids Using a Homogeneous H₂SO₄ Catalyst

This article presents the conditions for the conversion of hemicellulose with different contents of C6 and C5 carbohydrates and uronic acids based on the OrganoCat process, and the abbreviations M1, M2, and M3 are used. Homogenous catalysis with sulfuric acid (VI) in the concentration range of 0.1–1 M was used in the study to determine its activity on the ability to transform a hemicellulose mixture. The process was carried out using the one-pot technique in the temperature range of 100–250 °C for 1–5 h. Based on the use of the chromatographic technique (HPLC-RID) together with a comparison with standard substances, the resulting chemical compounds were determined and identified from the post-reaction mixtures. The degree of covalence of the raw material, the selectivity of the obtained chemical compounds, and the yield of lactic acid were also determined. Based on the obtained results, lactic acid with the highest yield (64.57%) was obtained after 1 h of the process from the M1 mixture at the temperature of 100 °C with 0.1 M sulfuric acid (VI) as a catalyst. The formation of oxalic acid was also observed, which is present in all post-reaction mixtures, regardless of the composition of the raw material, temperature, and time. Its efficiency was determined at an average level of 90%

Odors Adsorption in Zeolites Including Natural Clinoptilolite: Theoretical and Experimental Studies

This publication presents the results of combined theoretical and experimental research for the potential use of natural clinoptilolite zeolite (CLI) as an odor-adsorbing material. In this study of adsorption capacity, CLI of various granulation was used and its modifications were made by ion exchange using Sn and Fe metals to check whether the presence of metals as potential active centers does not lead to catalytic processes and may lead to enhanced absorption of odorous substances through their adsorption on the created metallic forms. Additionally, in order to increase the specific surface area, modifications were made in the form of hierarchization in an acidic environment using hydrochloric acid to also create the hydrogen form of zeolite and thus also check how the material behaves as an adsorbent. To compare the effect of CLI as a sorption material, synthetic zeolite MFI was also used—as a sodium form and after the introduction of metals (Sn, Fe). The above materials were subjected to adsorption measurements using odorous substances (including acetaldehyde, dimethylamine, pentanoic acid and octanoic acid). Based on the measurements performed, the most advantageous material that traps odorants is a natural material—clinoptilolite. Depending on the faction, its ability varies for different compounds. In the case of acetaldehyde, an effective material is clinoptilolite with a grain size of up to 2 mm. In the case of carboxylic acids, it is material after hierarchization with a fraction of 3–4 mm. In the case of theoretical calculations, information was obtained to show that metallic centers are more stable above oxygen, which is associated with the skeletal aluminum in clinoptilolite

Remarkable Structural Modifications of Tialite Solid Solutions Obtained by Different Methods

The structural changes occurring in tialite due to the formation of magnesium-titanate–aluminum-titanate solid solutions were determined. For this purpose, a DFT simulation of the structural changes was performed. The simulation proposed a number of possible atomic substitutions occurring in the elementary cells of the tialite, along with calculations of the lattice parameter changes in this material. Next, the actual changes occurring in the structure of the tialite due to the formation of solid solutions, obtained in different ways, were investigated. After comparing the obtained results, it was possible to confirm the mechanism of the formation of tialite solid solutions, through which one magnesium atom and one titanium atom substituted two aluminum atoms simultaneously. The results of this experimental work were confirmed by theoretical calculations (the differences in the values of the lattice parameters, measured in the experiment and calculated in the simulation, were less than 0.5%), through which changes in the lattice parameters with Mg and Ti substitution were observed

Characteristics of the structure of natural zeolites and their potential application in catalysis and adsorption processes

Authors present a short review of selected natural-origin zeolite materials. This article discusses the structure, classification and ability to modify natural zeolites, along with examples of their potential applications as adsorbents or catalysts