12 research outputs found
Liver regeneration is associated with lipid reorganization in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
BACKGROUND:In recent years, an adaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response has been actively investigated. The ER membrane, isolated from the intact and regenerating liver, may be an appropriate model for investigating the association between structural and functional characteristics of ER in vivo and their corresponding behavioral characteristics in vitro. The rate of lipid synthesis and that of intracellular lipid exchange between the ER and cytosol were investigated in the intact and
regenerating liver (13 h after partial hepatectomy). Particularly, membrane characteristics, surface potential, and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were investigated, along with the degradation rate of G6Pase in vitro, which was estimated by the loss of G6Pase activity, formation of lipid peroxides, and size of excreted membrane vesicles.
METHODS:The rate of lipid synthesis was determined by measuring the intensity of radioactive precursor (C14 - sodium acetate) in different fractions of lipids (phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, and triacylglycerides) after 30 min exposure. The rate of lipid metabolism was assessed by measuring the quantity of lipids with radioactive labels emerging in the cytosol of hepatocytes (CPM). Viscosity and surface potential were determined by fluorescent probes.
RESULTS:It was observed that after 13 h of partial hepatectomy, the rate of lipid synthesis in the ER of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver was 3 times lower than that in ER of hepatocytes in the intact liver, wherein the rate of incorporation of newly synthesized lipids in cytosol was several times higher in the regenerating liver. Increase in the rate of exchange of neutral lipids in cells of the regenerating liver was accompanied by lipid reconstruction in the ER, changing the structural and functional characteristics of the membrane. Such membrane rebuilding also contributed to the rate of degradation of the ER in vitro,which that must be taken into account during development of systems for in vitro assessment of xenobiotic metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS:An increase in the rate of direct (microsomes---cytosol) and reverse transport of lipids (cytosol --- microsomes) was observed in the regenerating liver. Microsomes, isolated from the regenerating liver, were degraded in the in vitro system at a higher rate
Dose-Dependent Effects of Nanoscale Forms of Humic Acids in a Hydroponic Culture of Triticum aestivum: Induction of Oxidative Stress and an Increase in the Number of Border Cells
Π Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Triticum aestivum L. ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ 6,5 Π½ΠΌ ΠΈ 68 Π½ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ (ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅) Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° 2-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ
Ρ Π³ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ 2-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ (6,5 Π½ΠΌ) ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ (68 Π½ΠΌ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»Π° (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ), Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°
ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π°Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²The biological activity of humic acids in the form of nanoparticles with a size of 6.5 nm and 68 nm was studied in a hydroponic culture of Triticum aestivum L. Both smaller and larger humic nanoparticles at the studied concentrations neither inhibited root growth nor caused destructive changes in the root apexes of 2-day-old seedlings. A dose-dependent increase in the contents of markers of induced oxidative stress such as carbonylated proteins, malonaldehyde, and proline was observed in the roots of seedlings on media with humic nanoparticles. Malondialdehyde was the main product of free radical oxidation for smaller nanoparticles and carbonylated proteins β for larger ones. Oxidative stress induced by humic nanoparticles was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the number of free border cells and the size of the mucilaginous sheaths on the root apexes of 2-day-old seedlings. For smaller (6.5 nm) nanoparticles, these changes were much more pronounced than for larger (68 nm) nanoparticles. The results obtained allow us to consider humic nanoparticles as adaptogens: contributing to an increase in the population of border cells and the mucilaginous sheath system (as a product of the excretory activity of border cells), nanoparticles enhance the resistance of the root apex to the effects of unfavorable biotic and abiotic factor
Hydroponic Culture of Triticum aestivum as a Model System to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Fusariosis and Fungicides
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Triticum aestivum Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π°) ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²), ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²a ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ 2-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Fusarium graminearum. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² 1.4, 8.0 ΠΈ 3 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
(0.01; 0.10 ΠΈ 1.00 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌΠ» ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ) Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Triticum aestivum ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°The research of the potential of hydroponic culture Triticum aestivum as a model system for the study of the biological effect of fungicides included determination of the content of peroxidation products of lipids (malondialdehyde) and proteins (carbonylated proteins), free proline in roots, and border cells in the root apex of 2-day-old seedlings infected with Fusarium graminearum. In the infected seedlings roots content of proline, carbonylated proteins and border cells was 1.4; 8.0 and 3.0 times, respectively, higher than in roots of non-infected seedlings. Triazole fungicide tebuconazole in the studied concentrations (0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 ΞΌg/ml medium) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of border cells in the root apex of infected seedlings. The results allow to positively evaluate hydroponic culture Triticum aestivum as a model system for studying of the biological effects of the fungicides (in particular, their phytotoxicity) and fusariosi
Hydroponic Culture of Triticum aestivum as a Model System to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Fusariosis and Fungicides
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Triticum aestivum Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π°) ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²), ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²a ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ 2-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Fusarium graminearum. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² 1.4, 8.0 ΠΈ 3 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
(0.01; 0.10 ΠΈ 1.00 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌΠ» ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ) Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Triticum aestivum ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°The research of the potential of hydroponic culture Triticum aestivum as a model system for the study of the biological effect of fungicides included determination of the content of peroxidation products of lipids (malondialdehyde) and proteins (carbonylated proteins), free proline in roots, and border cells in the root apex of 2-day-old seedlings infected with Fusarium graminearum. In the infected seedlings roots content of proline, carbonylated proteins and border cells was 1.4; 8.0 and 3.0 times, respectively, higher than in roots of non-infected seedlings. Triazole fungicide tebuconazole in the studied concentrations (0.01, 0.10 and 1.00 ΞΌg/ml medium) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of border cells in the root apex of infected seedlings. The results allow to positively evaluate hydroponic culture Triticum aestivum as a model system for studying of the biological effects of the fungicides (in particular, their phytotoxicity) and fusariosi
Liver regeneration is associated with lipid reorganization in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
BACKGROUND:In recent years, an adaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response has been actively investigated. The ER membrane, isolated from the intact and regenerating liver, may be an appropriate model for investigating the association between structural and functional characteristics of ER in vivo and their corresponding behavioral characteristics in vitro. The rate of lipid synthesis and that of intracellular lipid exchange between the ER and cytosol were investigated in the intact and
regenerating liver (13 h after partial hepatectomy). Particularly, membrane characteristics, surface potential, and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were investigated, along with the degradation rate of G6Pase in vitro, which was estimated by the loss of G6Pase activity, formation of lipid peroxides, and size of excreted membrane vesicles.
METHODS:The rate of lipid synthesis was determined by measuring the intensity of radioactive precursor (C14 - sodium acetate) in different fractions of lipids (phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids, and triacylglycerides) after 30 min exposure. The rate of lipid metabolism was assessed by measuring the quantity of lipids with radioactive labels emerging in the cytosol of hepatocytes (CPM). Viscosity and surface potential were determined by fluorescent probes.
RESULTS:It was observed that after 13 h of partial hepatectomy, the rate of lipid synthesis in the ER of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver was 3 times lower than that in ER of hepatocytes in the intact liver, wherein the rate of incorporation of newly synthesized lipids in cytosol was several times higher in the regenerating liver. Increase in the rate of exchange of neutral lipids in cells of the regenerating liver was accompanied by lipid reconstruction in the ER, changing the structural and functional characteristics of the membrane. Such membrane rebuilding also contributed to the rate of degradation of the ER in vitro,which that must be taken into account during development of systems for in vitro assessment of xenobiotic metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS:An increase in the rate of direct (microsomes---cytosol) and reverse transport of lipids (cytosol --- microsomes) was observed in the regenerating liver. Microsomes, isolated from the regenerating liver, were degraded in the in vitro system at a higher rate
Influence of PHA Substrate Surface Characteristics on the Functional State of Endothelial Cells
The needs of modern regenerative medicine for biodegradable polymers are wide and varied. Restoration of the viability of the vascular tree is one of the most important components of the preservation of the usefulness of organs and tissues. The creation of vascular implants compatible with blood is an important task of vascular bioengineering. The function of the endothelial layer of the vessel, being largely responsible for the development of thrombotic complications, is of great importance for hemocompatibility. The development of surfaces with specific characteristics of biomaterials that are used in vascular technologies is one of the solutions for their correct endothelialization. Linear polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable structural polymeric materials suitable for obtaining various types of implants and tissue engineering, having a wide range of structural and physicomechanical properties. The use of PHA of various monomeric compositions in endothelial cultivation makes it possible to evaluate the influence of material properties, especially surface characteristics, on the functional state of cells. It has been established that PHA samples with the inclusion of 3-hydroxyhexanoate have optimal characteristics for the formation of a human umbilical vein endothelial cell, HUVEC, monolayer in terms of cell morphology as well as the levels of expression of vinculin and VE-cadherin. The obtained results provide a rationale for the use of PHA copolymers as materials for direct contact with the endothelium in vascular implants
Functional Activity of Macrophage Cells in the Assessment of Reaction to Biodegradable Implants
ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡThese studies suggest that manipulation of the structural and surface characteristics of synthetic
scaffold materials can affect macrophage phenotype. Specifically, some of these manipulations appear
to alter the macrophage response and are also associated with improved outcomes. Another manner
in which biomaterials can be tailored to promote shifts in macrophage phenotype is through the use of
biologically active molecules such as growth factors and cytokine
Effect of Biomaterials of Medical Purpose on the Structural and Functional Features of Monocytes
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ in vitro Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ° (ΠΠΠ) Π²
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² (ΠΠ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (Π€). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π€ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅.
Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π€ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π€ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π€, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ in vitro. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² in vitro ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²33-4
The Morphology and Phenotype of Monocyte-Macrophages When Cultured on Bionanofilms Substrates with Different Surface Relief Profiles
The effect of surface relief profiles of alkanoate-based bionanofilms to the monocyte-macrophages (MN-MPhs) from peripheral blood of patients with atherosclerosis was studied in vitro. Patients were subjected to coronary stenting. Cell morphology and phenotype (expression of CD antigens, levels of production of marker cytokines) in vitro were analyzed before and after the installation of stents. It was shown, that the mean square roughness (Rq) of the bionanofilms determined the variability of cell morphology, CD antigens spectraand activity of production interleukins-6 and -10. Also, it was revealed, that the “activity” of the surface topography of biopolymer substrates depends on the functional state of MNs, isolated in different time points: Before and after stenting the ratios of cell morphotypes and production of cytokines in MN-MPhs differed significantly
Functional Activity of Macrophage Cells in the Assessment of Reaction to Biodegradable Implants
ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡThese studies suggest that manipulation of the structural and surface characteristics of synthetic
scaffold materials can affect macrophage phenotype. Specifically, some of these manipulations appear
to alter the macrophage response and are also associated with improved outcomes. Another manner
in which biomaterials can be tailored to promote shifts in macrophage phenotype is through the use of
biologically active molecules such as growth factors and cytokine