H&E sections of kidney, liver, peritoneum and spleen.

<p>Microscopic analysis of abdominal organs and peritoneum was performed following intraperitoneal administration of dialysate (A-D) or dialysate with tPA and DNase (E-H) in the presence or absence of LPS (data with LPS not shown). Samples contained 5 μg/mL tPA and 2.5 μg/mL DNase, as appropriate.</p

DNase activity in the presence of vancomycin and gentamicin.

<p>The effect of increasing concentrations of gentamicin on DNase activity was measured in the presence of a constant concentration of Vancomycin. Inhibition of DNase activity, visible as smearing (incomplete digestion) of DNA (Lanes 4–8), was evident at Gentamicin concentrations >35 μg/mL. Samples contained 5 μg/mL tPA and 2.5 μg/mL DNase, as appropriate.</p

tPA and DNase do not influence antimicrobial activity.

<p>The effect of tPA and DNase on antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring the survival of bacteria (with known sensitivity) to the antimicrobial agents over time in the presence or absence of tPA and DNase. All assessments were performed in triplicate and bacterial counts were calculated through spot counting of serial dilutions of bacteria. Data show is the mean number of cfu/mL at 6 and 24 hours as a % of baseline (error bars are the standard deviation). A = Amoxicillin, C = Cefazolin, V&G = Vancomycin and Gentamicin.</p

Characteristics of D39 <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> mutants used across experiments.

<p>Characteristics of D39 <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> mutants used across experiments.</p

DNase activity after 6 hours incubation with tPA and antimicrobials or tPA and bacteria.

<p>The activity of DNase in the presence of different antimicrobial agents (Panels A & B) or bacteria (Panels C & D) was measured through digestion of 1 μg of pcDNA3 DNA. V+G = Vancomycin and Gentamicin, A = Amoxicillin, C = Cefazolin and F = Fluconazole. The effects of bacteria on DNase activity was assessed at baseline (T = 0) and following 6 hours incubation (T = 6) at 37°C. Samples were incubated with 5 μg/mL tPA and/or 2.5 μg/mL DNase, as applicable.</p

tPA and DNase do not directly affect the viability of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>.

<p>tPA and DNase do not directly affect the viability of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>.</p

The median growth of <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> (n = 25) in human pleural fluid (n = 11) was consistent across all (a) pleural fluid samples (b) pneumococcal isolates and (c) serotypes.

<p>Each dot-point represents data analyzed as (a) the median growth of all <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> in each pleural fluid samples (n = 11), (b) individual <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> isolates (n = 25) and the median growth of each isolate across pleural fluid samples and (c) <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> grouped according to serotype (n = 13); data from the pleural fluid samples (n = 11) is pooled when more than one serotype is available and includes serotypes 1 (n = 2), 6B, 6C, 8 (n = 3), 10A, 11A (n = 2), 12F, 19A (n = 7), 19F, 21, 22F (n = 2), 35B and 3 reference strain. Proliferation was significant at 24hrs across all pneumococci, serotypes and pleural fluids, p<0.001. The box plot represents the median and IQR of the dot plot data; whiskers represent the 95^th percentile. Pleural fluid characteristics are presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188833#pone.0188833.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

List of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotypes and other bacteria used in this study.

<p>List of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotypes and other bacteria used in this study.</p

Fold change in CFU/mL from baseline in saline (n = 3), cell-culture medium (DMEM) (n = 3), THB supplemented with fetal calf serum (n = 3) and pleural fluid (n = 6).

<p>Each graph represents a different S. <i>pneumoniae</i> clinical isolate (a) serotype 8 (blood) (b) serotype 19A (blood) and (c) serotype 19A (pleural fluid). Bacterial CFU/mL in each fluid was determined at 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 28 and 48 hours. Fluid characteristics are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188833#pone.0188833.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Correlation of <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> (n = 25) growth in pleural fluid with and without cells (n = 11 pairs) expressed as the fold change from baseline inoculum at 24 hours (n = 275 pairs), p<0.001.

<p>Correlation of <i>S</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> (n = 25) growth in pleural fluid with and without cells (n = 11 pairs) expressed as the fold change from baseline inoculum at 24 hours (n = 275 pairs), p<0.001.</p