Protective Effect of Plants Extracts Mixture on Sperm Abnormalities, Testicular and Epididymal Tissues in Diabetic Male Rats

Background: Diabetes has been associated with reproductive impairment in both men and women. About 90% of diabetic patients have disturbances in sexual function, including a decrease in libido, impotence and infertility. Attention has been paid to the search of effective drugs in the field of traditional medicine. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus type 2(T2DM)  on the sperm abnormalities, testicular and epididymal tissues of male rats. Also to evaluate the efficiency of the mixture of methanol-watery extracts composed of five medicinal plants (Trigonella faenum-graecum seeds, Nigella sativa seeds, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, Olea europeae leaves and Fraxinus ssp.seeds) in reducing harmful effect of DM on the percentage of sperm abnormalities, testicular and epididymal tissues. Methods: Twenty-four mature male rats were used in six groups (n=4), the first group kept as a control. The second group received alloxan (120 mg/ kg body weight i.p.) for 3 days to induction of T2DM while the third, fourth, and fifth groups were diabetic rats received the plants extracts mixture orally for 45, 60, 75 days, respectively after induction of T2DM. The sixth group received the plants extracts mixture for 60 days. By the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and the testis and epididymis were excised and sperm was collected for morphological abnormalities of the sperm shape. Also histopathological examination of the testes and epididymis were examined. Results: The sperm shape abnormalities significantly increased (p<0.05) in alloxan – induced diabetic rats compared with normal control group. Histopathological examination showed degenerative changes of both testes and epididymis in diabetic rats which include significant decrease (p<0.05) in both diameter of seminiferous tubules and their germinal epithelium heights and non-significant decrease (p>0.05) in both diameters of cauda epididymal tubules and height of epithelium of cauda epididymal  tubules. On the other hand, atrophied seminiferous tubules, atrophied spermatogenic cells and the lumen of semineferous tubules free from sperm was detected. Furthermore, expansion of interstitial space between seminiferous tubules were seen . In contrast , oral administration of the plants extracts mixture to the diabetic rats at three period of study 45, 60, 75 days, respectively statistically decreased (p<0.05) most sperms abnormalities compared with diabetic group and caused non-significant differences compared with control group besides enhancing the histological changes of both testes and epididymis. Conclusion: DM has negative effect in male testis and epidydimis of alloxan-induced rats and may contribute in reduction of fertility while the plants extracts mixture used in this study can reduce most degerenative changes occurred in testes and epidydimis in diabetic groups treated with the mixture of plants extracts. Therefore, plants extracts mixture can be effectively used by DM patients for therapeutic purpose. Key words: Alloxan- induced diabetes, Sperm Abnormalities, Histopathological Changes of testis and epididymis, rats

Shortened Telomere Length in White Blood Cells of Patients with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

Type 2 diabetes(TIIDM) aging-related disorder, is caused by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction .Recent evidence, however, suggests that TIIDM is additionally characterized by impaired ?-cell regeneration and reduced ?-cell mass .Shortened telomeres have been previously associated with diabetes in several small-scale studies(Zhu et al.,2011). Measurement of telomere length in diabetic patients in different age and different duration of disease and compared with control. Also included the comparison telomere length between male and female for both control and diabetic groups and  between patients from genetic origin (mother origin or father origin) and patients from non genetic origin  . Genomic DNA was prepared from whole blood extraction using genaid kit and was quantified by Nanodrop .Terminal restriction fragment (TRF) lengths were measured using the Southern-blotting technique .This study was conducted between November 2010- November 2012 and, it was carried out at the diabetic Centre / Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babel Province by taking 54 diabetic patients(Type II DM) with disease duration (0-5),(>5-10 )and (>10 )years ,with age average (35-65 year)and most of them were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. While the study included 18 people apparently healthy that included 9 male and 9 female with age average (35-65 year) .The study revealed that telomere length(TL) were differences between males and females of control group. Age- adjusted telomere length were shorter in males than in females of control subjects (13,200 bp ) vs. (11,600 bp), (14,200 bp) vs. (13,000 bp) and (15,100 bp) vs. (13,800 bp) ,and this differences in TL between males and females decreased as aging increased, while this gender differences in TL was not observed among the diabetic patients .In both the controls group and diabetic subjects, the telomere length were shorter in older subjects than younger for both males and females. The result show differences in TL between control and diabetic subjects. TL were shorter in the patients with Type 2diabetes compared with the control subjects ,and TL in first duration of male diabetic patients(2,100 bp) in male(55 years) and (1,900 bp) in male (65 years) ,and second duration of female diabetic patients (3,600 bp) in female (55 years) and (2,900 bp) in female (65 years) were shorter compared with other duration. The differences in TL in patients with family history of disease shown shorter than patients without family history of disease and this differences in TL in patients with family history of disease from mother origin shorter than patients with family history of disease from father origin. The result of telomere length (TL) show that TL were shorter in males than females of control group while this differences absent in diabetic patients .TL was shorter in first duration of disease in males diabetic patients and in second duration of females diabetic patients compared with other duration of disease. TL was shorter in older subjects than younger for both groups and for both gender ,also shorter in diabetic patients from genetic origin of disease than non-genetic origin. Positive correlation between TL and estrogen in female control group and between  TL and adiponectin in diabetic patients was found. Keywords: Telomere, DNA, TR

Study the levels of adiponectin, FSH, LH and Sex hormones in Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)

The hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal (HPG)axis is central to the mammalian reproductive system . Pulsatile release of GnRH from neurons in the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary. It has long been recognized that reproductive function is closely associated with energy balance, and metabolic dysregulation is linked with reproductive abnormalities (Lu et al.,2008). Compare the differences in levels of adiponectin, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol between the diabetic patients and control group and in diabetic patients according to the durations of disease for both males and females groups  .Also study the relationship between adiponectin and hormones for both gender and for both diabetic groups and control also in diabetic patients according to the durations of disease. About five milliliters of venous blood were collected from each subject in the study. The blood was separated by centrifugation at (3000 rpm) for 15 min. The sera were stored frozen at (-20 ºC) until assayed. This study was conducted between November 2010- November 2012 and, it was carried out at the diabetic Centre / Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babel Province, by taking 120 diabetic patients non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (60 male  and 60 female)with disease durations(0-5),(>5-10 )and (>10 )years ,and with age average (35-65 year), most of them were on oral hypoglycemic drugs, and the study included 40 people apparently healthy that included  20 male and 20 female with age average (35-65 year) ,as control matched with disease groups. The statistical analysis of this study showed that patients with Type 2 diabetes of both males and females had significantly lower in adiponectin levels than control group (P<0.05),but this level of adiponectin significantly higher in females than males for both diabetic groups and control (p<0.05)  ,while the levels of FSH and LH had significantly higher in diabetes group than control (p<0.05) ,also significantly higher  in females than males for both diabetic groups and control (P< 0.05). The result of hormonal analysis show there were no significant differences in estradiol and testosterone between diabetic groups and control (p > 0.05). According to the durations of disease, the results show significant elevation in adiponectin level  in third duration of disease for both males and females groups as compared with first and second duration (P <0.004), while the levels of FSH, LH ,estradiol and testosterone show no significant differences among duration(P>0.05). According to the gender ,levels of adiponectin ,FSH, LH, and estradiol were significantly higher in females than males(P<0.05) , whereas levels of testosterone was significantly higher in males than females (P<0.05) . Correlation analysis showed an inverse correlation between adiponectin and FSH in female diabetic patients. Also an inverse correlation between adiponectin and estradiol was found in females of control group, while the correlation of LH and testosterone with adiponectin appears no significant correlation for both groups and for both males and females . According to the durations of disease, in first duration (0-5year)the study revealed positive correlation between adiponectin and FSH in male diabetic patients . In third duration (>10 year) an inverse correlation between adiponectin and FSH in female diabetic patients. The result also appears no significant correlation among adiponectin and LH, estradiol and testosterone in both gender among duration . The results of the present study indicate that the patients with Type 2 diabetes of both males and females had significantly lower in adiponectin levels than control group . levels of adiponectin significantly higher in females than males for both diabetic groups and control. Adiponectin levels significantly increased with duration of disease also with age.  Levels of FSH and LH had significantly higher in diabetic patients than control also significantly higher in females than males for both groups . Correlation analysis showed inverse correlation between adiponectin and both FSH and estradiol in female diabetic patients also inverse correlation between adiponectin and both FSH and estradiol in third duration of female diabetic patients

Study the relationship between adiponectin with thyroid hormones and cortisol in Type 2 diabetic patients (NIDDM)

Thyroid hormones has profound effects of lipid metabolism and carbohydrate homeostasis . Abnormalities in serum lipids and lipoproteins are frequent findings in thyroid dysfunction, mainly in hypothyroidism. Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance have been documented in patients with thyroid dysfunction. In addition, thyroid hormones are remarkable regulators of energy metabolism, being the adipose tissue the largest fuel storage compartment . Furthermore, thyroid hormones share some physiological actions with adiponectin, such as reduction of body fat by increasing thermogenesis and lipid oxidation .However, a few number of studies have found low adiponectin levels in hypothyroid subjects (Díez and Iglesias, 2009). Cortisol excess in man is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance or diabetes and dyslipidemia. All these features share a state of insulin resistance , and contribute to high cardiovascular risk typical of this condition. Glucocorticoids negatively regulate adiponectin mRNA in human visceral adipose tissue. Cortisol counteracts the action of insulin at multiple sites, and increases hepatic gluconeogenetic efficiency (Fallo et al.,2004). Study the relationship between adiponectin with thyroid hormones and cortisol for both gender and for both control and diabetic groups also in diabetic patients according to duration of disease. This study was conducted between November 2010- November 2012 and, it was carried out at the diabetic Centre / Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babel Province by taking 120 diabetic patients(Type II DM) (60 male and 60 female) with disease duration (0-5),(>5-10 )and (>10 )years ,with age average (30-65 year)and most of them were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. While the study included 40 people apparently healthy that included 20 male and 20 female with age average (30-65 year) .About five milliliters of venous blood were collected from each subject in the study. The blood was separated by centrifugation at (3000 rpm) for 15 min. The sera were stored frozen at (-20 ºC) until hormonal assayed. Correlation analysis showed an inverse correlation between adiponectin and cortisol in female diabetic patients, while in male diabetic patients there was positive correlation between adiponectin and T4 was found. The correlation of TSH and T3 with adiponectin appears no significant correlation for both groups and for both males and females. The study revealed positive correlation between adiponectin and T4 in second and third duration in male diabetic patients , while an inverse correlation between adiponectin and TSH in male  diabetic patients in first duration. In female diabetic patients an inverse correlation between adiponectin and T3 in second duration,also found between adiponectin with cortisol in third duration of female diabetic patients. Correlation analysis showed an inverse correlation between adiponectin and cortisol in female diabetic patients, while positive correlation between adiponectin and T4 was found in male diabetic patients. This study show that Type 2 diabetic patients in first duration(0-5 year) an inverse correlation between adiponectin and TSH in male diabetic patients. In second duration(>5-10 year)an inverse correlation between adiponectin and T3 in female diabetic patients. In third duration(>10 year) an inverse correlation between adiponectin with cortisol  of female diabetic patients, while positive correlation between adiponectin and T4 in second and third duration of male diabetic patients

The Metabolic Syndrome and Disturbances in Sex Hormones Levels in both gender

Background: Sex hormones play an important role in lipid metabolism, but also on elements of the metabolic syndrome. Gonadal hormones have been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and with severity of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus patients and healthy men. Furthermore, low levels of serum testosterone and high levels of estradiol have been associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance .This study aimed to study the disturbances in sex hormone in both gender and evaluated the correlation between sex hormone with phsio-biochemical parameters in both group. Methods: Total of 80 subjects(40 male:40 female) ,aged35-65 years included in this study .About 5ml of fasting blood (8-12 h.) was collected from each individual. To determine serum FSH(Follicle-Stimulating Hormone),LH(Luteinizing Hormone) and sex hormone the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique were used.FBG and Lipid profile were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric(GPO-POD) method. Results: There were significant differences in physio-biochemical parameters between patients and control groups. There were significant elevation (P<0.05) in BMI(Body Mass Index), waist circumference (WC),Microalbuminuria (MA) ,Fasting blood glucose (FBG) , TG ,Testosterone ,Estradiol, FSH and LH in metabolic patients than control group, whereas the results of Systolic(SBP) and diastolic(DBP) blood pressure ,Cholesterol , HDL(High density lipoprotein) , LDL(Low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (Very low density lipoprotein) show no significant differences (P > 0.05) between metabolic groups and control. According to gender the results show significant elevation (P<0.05) in BMI ,HDL, Estradiol, FSH and LH in females than males and significant elevation (P<0.05) in Triglyceride and Testosterone in males than females , while other parameters show no significant differences (p>0.05) between males and females. Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Estradiol with BMI in metabolic patients(r= 0.43,P= 0.05), while in control group there was an inverse correlation between Estradiol and BMI was found(r= - 0.01,P= 0.03) . Conclusions: Disturbances in Sex hormones has been associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. Keywords:Sex hormones, metabolic syndrome, lipid profile, BMI.

Thyroid Metabolic Hormones and its Correlation with BMI and Lipid Profile in Healthy People

Background:Thyroid hormone play an important role in basal lipid metabolism.It is well known that alteration in thyroid function can result in changes in the composition and in the transport of lipoprotein.This study aimed to study the effects of thyroid hormone on serum lipids and evaluted the correlation between thyroid hormone with Body Mass Index(BMI) and lipid profile of healthy people. Methods:Total of 56 healthy people(28 male:28 female) ,aged 30-60 years included in this study.About 5ml of fasting blood (8-12 h.) was collected from each individual.To determine serum Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) and the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique were used.Lipid profile were measured by an enzymatic colorimetric(GPO-POD) method. Results:The result of the present study showed that the levels of triglyceride was significantly higher (p< 0.05) in males than females ,while the levels of triiodothyronine was significantly higher(p< 0.05) in females than males of healthy people.Correlation analysis in healthy males showed positive correlation among BMI with lipid profile,while an inverse correlation between TSH and T4,also an inverse correlation between T3 and HDL .In healthy females there was positive correlation among T3 with BMI and WC,also between T4 and LDL ,while an inverse correlation between TSH and VLDL. Conclusions:Thyroid metabolic hormone especially T3 regulate the resting metabolic rate and the mild thyroid dysfunction was linked to significantly changes in body weight ,lipid profile and likely represents risk factor for healthy and obesity. Keywords:Thyroid metabolic hormone,lipid profile,BMI ,healthy peopl

Comparison of Behçet's Disease and Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer According to Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic chronic inflammatory disease. It is characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, skin lesions and other manifestations, including neurologic, vascular, joint, and gastrointestinal ulcers of variable severity. Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) represents a very common, but poorly understood, mucosal disorder. If a patient of RAU without any other typical symptoms of BD has gastrointestinal symptoms, it is difficult to distinguish this RAU from true BD with gastrointestinal involvement. Because pathognomonic clinical features and tools are absent, the differential diagnosis of these two diseases relies on the characteristic clinical features and the judgement of an experienced physician. Sixty-five out of a total 960 RAU patients and forty-four of 556 BD patients with gastrointestinal symptoms between January 1996 and December 2003 participated in this study. All were evaluated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. Clinical, endoscopic and histopathologic findings were analyzed and ELISA tests were conducted to detect serum levels of ASCA and pANCA. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Differential diagnosis between RAU with gastrointestinal symptoms and BD with gastrointestinal involvement requires further prospective, large-scale study

A clinical evaluation of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and comparison with amlexanox oral tablets: a randomized, placebo controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Amlexanox has been developed as a 5 percent topical oral paste for the treatment of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in most European countries. However, it is not yet available in China and has not been generally accepted in clinical treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers, and compare the results with those of amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in order to analyse the difference between the two dosage forms of amlexanox.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter clinical study. A total of 216 patients with minor recurrent aphthous ulcers (MiRAU) were recruited and randomized to amlexanox pellicles or placebo pellicles. Pellicles were consecutively applied four times per day, for five days. The size and pain level of ulcers were measured and recorded on treatment days 0, 4 and 6. Finally, the results were compared with those of our previous 104 cases treated with amlexanox tablets.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles significantly reduced ulcer size (P= 0.017 for day 4, P=0.038 for day 6) and alleviated ulcer pain (P=0.021 for day 4, P=0.036 for day 6). No significant difference was observed in the treatment effectiveness between the pellicle and tablet form of amlexanox.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles are as effective and safe as amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in the treatment of MiRAU for this Chinese cohort. However, pellicles seem to be more comfortable to use when compared with the dosage form of tablets. Therefore, in clinical practice, amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles may be a better choice for RAS patients.</p> <p>Trials registration</p> <p>Nederlands Trial Register NTR1727.</p