PORK QUALITY OF PIETREN AND HAMPSHIRE CROSSBREEDS

Proizvođači svinjetine proteklih godina imaju značajne probleme u plasmanu svinjetine, između ostalog i s obzirom na učestalu pojavu blijedog, mekanog i vodnjikavog mesa (BMV) i zbog toga što se sve više traže, i više plaćaju, tovljenici bolje kakvoće mišićnoga tkiva za tzv. specijalnu namjenu (pršut, kulen, specijalne kobasice). Cilj ovog istraživanja je uvođenjem novoga genotipa (HPxPI) po očevoj strani, poboljšati kakvoću mišićnoga tkiva novostvorenih križanaca. Istraživanje je provedeno na pet obiteljskih gospodarstava s područja Koprivničko križevačke županije. U klaonicama je ispitana kakvoća mišićnoga tkiva (n=200) križanaca, s majčine strane ŠLxVJ, očeva HPxPI, žive mase 100 kg, mjerenjem pH1, pH2 vrijednosti i boje (L*,a*,b*) u m. gracilis. U ukupnom uzorku (n=200) meso poželjne kakvoće prema pH1 vrijednosti imalo je 87% polovica, odnosno 84% polovica prema pH2 vrijednosti. Pojava BMV mesa zabilježena je prema pH1 u 10% polovica, odnosno 14% polovica prema pH2 u ukupnom uzorku. Prosječne utvrđene vrijednosti boje mesa u ukupnom uzorku bile su L*42,92, a*19,37, b*5,08. Najbolju vrijednost boje imale su polovice petog gospodarstva (L*42,56, a*19,43, b*4,74). Najbolja kakvoća polovica, prema (S)EURO standardu, bila je na prvom gospodarstvu sa 22,50% polovica S klase i 52,50% polovica E klase.In the last few years producers of pork have had great problems with distribution of pork, related primarily to frequent appearance of pale, soft, exudative meat (PSE). The reason is that the market prefers and pays more money for high quality meat, especially for special sausages and ham. The aim of this research is to introduce new father\u27s genotype (HPxPI) to improve meat quality of newly formed crossbreeds. The research included five family farms in Koprivniko-križevaka county. Meat quality pH1, pH2 value and colour (L*,a*,b*) were tested in the slaughterhouse on n=200 crossbreeds (live weight 100kg) from mother\u27s side SLxLW, father\u27s side HPxPI in m. gracilis. In all samples 87% of carcasses had desirable quality according to pH1 value while according pH2 value only 84% carcasses were of desirable quality. Of all samples, only 10% of carcasses according to pH1 value and 14% according to pH2 value had pale, soft, exudative meat (PSE). Average value in all samples was L*42,92, a*19,37, b*5,08 and the best results were found in the fifth family farm (L*42,56, a*19,43, b*4,74). The best carcass quality, according to (S)EURO standard, was in the first family farm with 22,50% of carcasses of S class and 52,50% of carcasses of E class

SEMI-CONCENTRATE RATIONS IN HEREFORD BULLOCKS FATTENING

Provedeno je istraživanje utjecaja polukoncentratnih obroka na prirast, utrošak energije i proteina, te na cijenu dnevnoga obroka u tovu muške junadi hereford pasmine. Dvogodišnje istraživanje je provedeno na dvije skupine junadi u govedarskom praktikumu Visokoga gospodarskoga učilišta u Križevcima. Junad je potjecala iz vlastite proizvodnje, u kojoj krave služe za proizvodnju teladi koja je uz kravu do starosti 6-7 mjeseci kada se odbija i stavlja u tov. U pokusnom tovu junadi korištena su četiri polukoncentratna obroka uz maksimalno korištenje voluminozne krme u formi kukuruzne silaže kompletne kukuruzne biljke. Tov junadi počeo je s prosječnom ulaznom tjelesnom masom od 239 kg u prvoj i 247 kg u drugoj skupini (p>0,05), a završio kod prve skupine s 490 kg a kod druge skupine s 510 kg (p0,05), a iznosile su za prvu skupinu 72,15 MJ metaboličke energije i 901,70 g iskoristivog sirovog proteina i za drugu skupinu 67,75 MJ metaboličke energije i 847,50 g iskoristivog sirovog proteina. Ostvarene cijene koštanja dnevnih obroka izdiferencirale su se po kontrolnim razdobljima i rasle su s povećanjem težine junadi, kod prve skupine od 4,88 do 7,38 kn, odnosno kod druge skupine od 5,61 do 8,57 kuna po dnevnom obroku. Ostvarene prosječne razlike u cijeni koštanja dnevnih obroka između dvije skupine junadi su značajne (p0.05) and ended with 490 kg in the first group and 510 kg (p0.05) and was amounted in the first group 72.15 MJ ME and 901.70 g UCP and in the second group 67.75 MJ ME and 847.50 g UCP. Cost of daily ration varied per control periods and grew with the increasing weight of bullocks. In the first group cost per daily ration was from 4.88 to 7.38 kn and in the second group from 5.61 to 8.57 kn. Realized differences of average cost of daily ration between the two groups of bullocks were significant (p<0.05). That may be due to the replacement of part of the protein with nonprotein nitrogen and better quality of corn silage in the rations for the first group of bullocks (390 g DM, 51 g UCP, 4, 26 MJ ME / kg) compared to the second group (ST 343 g, 44 g of UCP, 3.70 MJ ME / kg), which was 69% in the structure of the dry matter of the ration

SECOND FODDER INTERCROP IN BEEF AND MILK PRODUCTION, SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuss) AND HYBRID SORGHUM (Sorghum sp.)

Provedeno je istraživanje povećanja proizvodnje krme na postojećim obradivim površinama Visokoga gospodarskoga učilišta u Križevcima, uvođenjem u plodored suncokreta (Helianthus annuss) i hibridnoga sirka (Sorghum sp., „Grazer“), kao postrnih međuusjeva. Postrna sjetva svake kulture izvršena je na četiri parcele, pojedinačne veličine oko 1000 m2. Pretkultura je bila pšenica, a predsjetvena gnojidba obavljena je gnojevkom s oko 85 m3/1 ha. Tla sa svih pokusnih parcela mogu se uvrstiti u kisela, dosta humozna tla (humus 3,88%; pH u 1M KCl 4,81), prosječno vrlo slabo opskrbljena fiziološki aktivnim fosforom (P2O5 4,39) i slabo opskrbljena kalijem (K2O 6,57 mg/100 g). Unatoč relativno nepovoljnim agroklimatskim uvjetima tijekom vegetacije (mjesečni prosjek 49 mm padavina) suncokret je dao zadovoljavajući prosječni prinos zelene mase od 410 dt/1 ha, i suhe tvari 75 dt/1 ha, s prosječnom hranidbenom vrijednošću u 1 kg suhe tvari; probavljivi protein 65 gr., NEL 4,96 MJ i NEM 4,87 MJ. Kod sirka je utvrđen prosječni prinos zelene mase od 260 dt/1 ha i suhe tvari 67 dt/1 ha, s prosječnom hranidbenom vrijednošću, probavljivog proteina 41 gr., NEL 4,79 MJ i NEM 4,60 MJ/1 kg suhe tvari. Prosječni sadržaj probavljivog proteina u suhoj tvari, na svim pokusnim parcelama, značajno je veći kod suncokreta (65 gr) u odnosu na hibridni sirak (41 gr), P0,01. Iako su kod suncokreta utvrđene više vrijednosti u ostvarenom prosječnom sadržaju NEL-a i NEM-a po 1 kg suhe tvari u odnosu na hibridni sirak, te razlike nisu značajne (P>0,05; P>0,01). Prosječno, na svim parcelama, po 1 ha ostvareno je kod suncokreta 38.400 MJ NEL-a i 37.703 MJ NEM-a, dok su kod sirka ostvareni nešto manji prinosi, i to 32.285 MJ NEL-a i 31.004 MJ NEM-a. Probavljivoga proteina ostvareno je prosječno po 1 ha, kod suncokreta 486 kg, a kod hibridnoga sirka značajno manje, 276 kg. Prema utvrđenim rezultatima provedenoga istraživanja, uzgojem suncokreta kao postrnoga usjeva i ostvarene neto energije po 1 ha izražene u NEL-u i NEM-u, postoji mogućnost proizvodnje oko 10.971 kg mlijeka (cca 3,5 MJ NEL/1 kg) i 754 kg prirasta (cca 50 MJ NEM/1 kg), dok se uzgojem sirka može proizvesti oko 9.224 kg mlijeka i 620 kg prirasta.Increase of fodder production on cultivated acreages of the College of agriculture in Križevci, by introducing sunflower (Helianthus annuss) and hybrid sorghum (Sorghum sp., „Grazer“) as the second intercrop into the crop rotation has been studied. The second sowing of each intercrop was performed on four plots, each around 1000 m2. The preceding crop was common wheat and liquid manure was used as a preceding fertilizer with around 85 m3/1ha. The soil on all investigated plots was acid humus (humus 3.88%; pH in 1 M KCl 4.81), averagely very weak poor in physiologically active phosphorus (P2O5 4,39) and in potassium (K2O 6,57 mg/100g). Despite relatively unfavourable agroclimatic conditions during the vegetation (average monthly precipitation 49mm) average yield of sunflower green mass was satisfactory and amounted to 410 dt, dry matter 75 dt/1ha with average nutrient value in 1kg of dry matter; digestible protein 65 gr., NEL 4.96 MJ and NEM 4.87 MJ. Determined average yield of hybrid sorghum green mass was 260 dt and dry matter 67 dt/1ha with average nutrient value, digestible protein 41 gr, NEL 4.79 MJ and NEM 4.60 MJ/1kg of dry matter. Average digestible protein content in dry matter of all investigated plots was significantly higher in sunflower (65 gr) than in hybrid sorghum (41 gr), P0.01. Although higher values of average NEL and NEM content in 1kg of dry matter were determined in sunflower than in hybrid sorghum, the differences were not significant (P>0.05; P>0.01). Average sunflower yields of 38.400 MJ NEL and 37.703 MJ NEM per 1 ha were achieved on all plots, while determined hybrid sorghum yields were lower, 32.285 MJ NEL and 31.004 MJ NEM. Average yield of digestible protein per 1 ha was 486 kg for sunflower and hybrid sorghum significantly less than 276 kg. Based on determined results of sunflower grown as intercrop the yield of net energy per 1 ha presented in NEL and NEM, allows an average production of 10.971 kg of milk (around 3.5 MJ NEL/1kg) and 754 kg of beef (around 50 MJ NEM /1kg) and growing hybrid sorghum as an intercrop allows an average production of 9.224 kg of milk and 620 kg of beef

Određivanje točke ledišta u uzorcima kravljeg mlijeka konzerviranog azidiolom

The study involved determination of the freezing point of cow milk by a reference (thermistor cryoscopy) and an instrumental (infrared spectrometry) method. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of milk freezing point determination in milk samples preserved with azidiol by using a reference and an instrumental method of analysis. Five hundred cow milk samples were analysed during three research periods. Samples were taken at milk collection points in north-western Croatia. Samples preserved with azidiol (0.3 mL azidiol/40 mL; 0.011 g sodium azide/40 mL) and without preservatives (control samples) were analysed. The freezing point of milk was determined in duplicate. Average freezing point results of azidiol preserved samples were lower compared to control samples. A statistically significant difference between the means of the results obtained for azidiol preserved and control samples was determined (P<0.05; P<0.01) in all research periods. The results revealed a significant influence of the preservative azidiol on milk freezing point determination regardless of the method of analysis applied, which could lead to wrong interpretation of the results.Provedeno je istraživanje određivanja točke ledišta kravljeg mlijeka referentnom (termistor krioskopskom) i instrumentalnom metodom (infracrvena spektrometrija). Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogućnost određivanja točke ledišta kravljeg mlijeka u uzorcima konzerviranim azidiolom referentnom i instrumentalnom metodom. Tijekom triju istraživanih razdoblja ukupno je analizirano 500 uzoraka kravljeg mlijeka. Uzimani su na sabiralištima sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Ispitani su nakon konzerviranja azidiolom (0,3 mL azidiola/40 mL; 0,011 g natrij azida/40 mL) i bez konzervansa (kontrolni). Točka ledišta određivana je u duplikatu. Utvrđeno je da su prosječni rezultati analiza točke ledišta uzoraka kravljeg mlijeka konzerviranog azidiolom niži u usporedbi s kontrolnim. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (P<0,05; P<0,01) između prosječnih vrijednosti analiza uzoraka konzerviranih azidiolom i kontrolnih uzoraka u svim razdobljima istraživanja. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja zaključuje se da konzervans azidiol značajno utječe na određivanje točke ledišta kravljeg mlijeka neovisno o metodi ispitivanja, što može dovesti do krivog tumačenja rezultata analiza

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON YIELD, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MAIZE COB AND GRAIN

Radi utvrđivanja optimalne gnojidbe i njezinog utjecaja na kemijski sastav i hranidbenu vrijednost klipa i zrna kukuruza (OSSK 444), vršena su ispitivanja tijekom tri godine (2004.-2006.) na površinama ekonomije Visokog gospodarskog učilišta u Križevcima. Pokus je postavljen po slučajnom blok rasporedu u četiri ponavljanja. Veličina parcele svakoga tretmana je bila 70 m2 (7x10 m), a tretmani su bili: 1 - bez gnojidbe; 2 - N80P100K0; 3 - N80P0K100; 4 - N0P100K100; 5 - N80P100K100; 6 -N120P100K100; 7 - N120P200K200; 8 - N160P200K200; 9 - N200P200K200; 10 -N240P200K200. Analizom tla utvrđena je blago kisela reakcija (pHKCl = 5,93), nizak sadržaj humusa (1,99%), te osrednja opskrbljenost fosforom i kalijem (135,00 i 157,00 mg/kg). Analiza klipa i zrna kukuruza obavljena je metodom po Weendeu, a na osnovi utvrđenih sirovih organskih hranjivih tvari i pepela u suhoj tvari, izračunata je metabolička energija (ME) i neto energija za laktaciju (NEL). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da postoji značajan utjecaj gnojidbe na sadržaj sirovoga proteina u klipu (91,99 - 108,35 g/kg) i zrnu (109,48 - 128,72 g/kg), dok je utjecaj gnojidbe na sadržaj sirove vlaknine utvrđen samo u klipu kod pojedinih gnojidbenih tretmana (P0,05).In order to establish the most appropriate treatment, an analysis of the influence of various fertilization treatments on chemical compound of maize cob and grain (OSSK 444) was made on the college farm in Križevci in a three-year period (2004-2006). The experimental trial was organized in four repetitions and in a randomized block scheme. The size of the plot for each treatment was 70 square meters (7x10 m), and the treatments were as follows: 1 – no fertilization; 2 - N80P100K0; 3 - N80P0K100; 4 - N0P100K100; 5 - N80P100K100; 6 -N120P100K100; 7 - N120P200K200; 8 - N160P200K200; 9 - N200P200K200; 10 -N240P200K200. The soil analysis established a mild acid reaction (pH in KCL = 5.93), low humus content (1.99%) and medium supply level of phosphorus and potassium (135 and 157 mg/kg). The analyses of the maize grain and cob were made according to Weende. The metabolic energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) were calculated on the basis of the determined crude organic nutrients and crude ash in maize grain and cob dry matter. The results of this research lead to the conclusion that the fertilization influences the crude protein content in maize cob (91.99 – 108.35 g/kg) and grain (109.48 and 128.72 g/kg), while only certain fertilization treatments influence the crude fibre content in maize cob (P<0,05). However, fertilization does not significantly influence the average crude oil content, crude NET and the nutritive value of maize cob and grain (ME and NEL)

Milk freezing point determination with infrared spectroscopy and thermistor cryoscopy method

Provedeno je određivanje točke ledišta kravljeg mlijeka dvjema metodama, u istim uzorcima mlijeka. Svrha istraživanja bila je istražiti mogućnost primjene metode infracrvene spektrometrije uspoređujući vrijednosti točke ledišta mlijeka na instrumentu MilkoScan FT 6000 s vrijednostima utvrđenim referentnom, termistor krioskopskom metodom na instrumentu Cryoscope 4C3. Tijekom četiri mjeseca analizirano je ukupno 320 uzoraka mlijeka. Jednom tjedno uzimani su uzorci mlijeka na sabiralištima mlijeka od 20-ak proizvođača. Točka ledišta određivana je objema metodama u triplikatu. Istraživanjem su utvrđene više vrijednosti točke ledišta mlijeka dobivene referentnom, u usporedbi s metodom infracrvene spektrometrije. Utvrđena je prosječna razlika odstupanja rezultata analiza dobivenih infracvenom spektrometrijom i referentnom metodom, od 1,31 do 5,28 m°C. U prosjeku razlika je iznosila 3,145 m°C. Razlike između izračunatih srednjih vrijednosti ponovljivosti (sr) referentne metode (0,194 %) i metode infracrvene spektrometrije (0,193 %) bile su zanemarive. Između srednjih vrijednosti dobivenih rezultata analiza različitim istraživanim metodama nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika (P>0,05; P>0,01), a dobiveni rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da se metoda infracrvene spektrometrije može koristiti u svrhu utvrđivanja patvorenja mlijeka kao metoda odabira (screening metoda). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja predlaže se primjena metode infracrvene spektrometrije u određivanju točke ledišta jer je brža i može se provesti postojećom opremom koja služi za određivanje i drugih parametara kvalitete mlijeka, npr. na instrumentu MilkoScan FT 6000.Two analytical methods were used for determination of the freezing point on identical test raw milk samples. The aim of this research was to investigate possibility of usage infrared spectrometry method, with MilcoScan FT 6000 milk analyzer for determination of milk freezing point, comparing to results obtained by using a reference thermistor cryoscopy method with Cryoscope 4C3 analyzer. During period of four months, total of 320 milk samples were analyzed. Once a week milk samples were sampled at collection reservoirs from twenty milk producers. Milk freezing point was analyzed with each of investigated methods in three consecutive testing respectively repetition. The results of freezing point were recorded as higher by reference in comparison to infrared spectroscopy method. Mean difference from 1.31 to 5.28 m°C respectively 3.43 m°C was determined between results obtained with infrared spectroscopy and reference method. Mean repeatability results for both investigated methods showed slight difference, sr%=0.194 for the reference method and sr%=0.193 for the infrared spectrometry method. Statistically significant difference between the means of the obtained results with two different investigated methods (P>0.05; P>0,01) was not determined. The results indicate the conclusion that infrared spectroscopy method can be used for detecting adulteration of milk with water addition as screening method. Based upon the obtained results usage of infrared spectrometry method in determination of raw milk freezing point is recommended because it is faster and can be carried out with current analyzers used for determination of other milk quality parameters, for example analyzer MilkoScan FT 6000

Prediction of forage ad libitum intake and in vivo digestibility by near infrared spectroscopy

Cilj ovog rada je prikazati stanje spektroskopije u bliskom infracrvenom području (NIR spektroskopije) kao tehnologije za procjenu ad libitum konzumacije suhe tvari (ST) i organske tvari (OT) te in vivo probavljivosti ST, OT i OT u ST (Dvrijednosti) voluminozne krme. U usporedbi s provedbom skupih, radno zahtjevnih i dugotrajnih bioloških istraživanja radi utvrđivanja ad libitum konzumacije i in vivo probavljivosti voluminozne krme, NIR spektroskopija je brza, fizikalna, nedestruktivna, multianalitička i eklološki prihvatljiva metoda koja može dati precizne i točne rezultate uz minimalnu ili nikakvu pripremu uzoraka. Biološki se parametri teže procjenjuju NIR spektroskopijom u odnosu na kemijske parametre voluminozne krme radi varijacija između životinja, a posljedično pogrešaka u procjeni reakcija životinja na određenu hranidbu i hranu te činjenice da se niti jedan biološki parametar ne može utvrditi u kemijskom laboratoriju s visokom razinom točnosti. Prikazani kalibracijski modeli su prihvatljive razine pouzdanosti procjene ad libitum konzumacije i in vivo probavljivosti voluminozne krme prema utvrđenim koeficijentima determinacije (R2) (0,7-0,9 i 0,47-0,98 slijedom), standardnim greškama kalibracije (SEC) (4,28-6,89 i 0,01-1,69 slijedom), standardnim greškama unakrsne validacije (SECV) (4,53-7,92 i 0,02-2,15 slijedom) te standardnim greškama procjene (SEP) (5,42-9,59 i 0,026-5,7 slijedom). Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje potencijal NIR spektroskopije za procjenu ad libitum konzumacije ST i OT voluminozne krme i in vivo probavljivosti ST, OT i D-vrijednosti voluminozne krme.The objective of this paper is to present the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) as a technology for predicting ad libitum intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) as well as in vivo digestibility of DM, OM and OM in DM (D-value) in forage. Compared to the expensive, labor-intensive and time-consuming biological research methods for determining forage ad libitum intake and in vivo digestibility, NIR spectroscopy is a fast, physical, non-destructive, multianalytic and ecologically acceptable method that can provide precise and accurate results with minimal or no sample preparation. Forage biological parameters are more difficult to predict by NIR spectroscopy than chemical parameters due to variations among animals, consequent errors in animal reactions to certain feeds and food and the fact that no biological parameter can be determined in a chemical laboratory with high accuracy level. The calibration models presented are at acceptable levels of reliability for the prediction of forage ad libitum intake and in vivo digestibility according to the determined coefficients of determination (R2) (0.7-0.9 and 0.47-0.98 respectively), standard errors of calibration (SEC) (4.28-6.89 and 0.01-1.69, respectively), standard errors of cross-validation (SECV) (4.53-7.92 and 0.02-2.15, respectively) and standard errors of prediction (SEP) (5.42-9.59 and 0.026-5.7, respectively). This study confirms the high potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict the ad libitum intake of DM and OM and the in vivo digestibility of DM, OM and D-values in forage