31 research outputs found
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Advances in Modeling Radiation Dispersal Device and Nuclear Detonation Effects
The effect of fluoride on enamel and dentin formation in the uremic rat incisor
Renal impairment in children is associated with
tooth defects that include enamel pitting and hypoplasia.
However, the specific effects of uremia on tooth formation
are not known. In this study, we used rat mandibular incisors,
which continuously erupt and contain all stages of tooth
formation, to characterize the effects of uremia on tooth
formation. We also tested the hypothesis that uremia
aggravates the fluoride (F)-induced changes in developing
teeth. Rats were subjected to a two-stage 5/6 nephrectomy or
sham operation and then exposed to 0 (control) or 50 ppm
NaF in drinking water for 14 days. The effects of these
treatments on food intake, body growth rate, and biochemical
serum parameters for renal function and calcium
metabolism were monitored. Nephrectomy reduced food
intake and weight gain. Intake of F by nephrectomized rats
increased plasma F levels twofold and further decreased food
intake and body weight gain. Uremia affected formation of
dentin and enamel and was more extensive than the effect of
F alone. Uremia also significantly increased predentin width
and induced deposition of large amounts of osteodentin-like
matrix-containing cells in the pulp chamber. In enamel
formation, the cells most sensitive to uremia were the
transitional-stage ameloblasts. These data demonstrate that
intake of F by rats with reduced renal function impairs F
clearance from the plasma and aggravates the already
negative effects of uremia on incisor tooth development
An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles
Large datasets are now ubiquitous as technology enables higher-throughput experiments, but rarely can a research field truly benefit from the research data generated due to inconsistent formatting, undocumented storage or improper dissemination. Here we extract all the meaningful device data from peer-reviewed papers on metal-halide perovskite solar cells published so far and make them available in a database. We collect data from over 42,400 photovoltaic devices with up to 100 parameters per device. We then develop open-source and accessible procedures to analyse the data, providing examples of insights that can be gleaned from the analysis of a large dataset. The database, graphics and analysis tools are made available to the community and will continue to evolve as an open-source initiative. This approach of extensively capturing the progress of an entire field, including sorting, interactive exploration and graphical representation of the data, will be applicable to many fields in materials science, engineering and biosciences
Advances in Modeling Radiation Dispersal Device and Nuclear Detonation Effects
ABSTRACT Computer models that predict the effects of Radiation Dispersal Devices (RDD) and nuclear detonations are important tools for helping prepare for, and respond to, these threats. This paper describes recent advances made by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and collaborating laboratories in order to more realistically simulate (1) downwind deposition and dose from an RDD, (2) nuclear fallout fractionation processes, and (3) indoor radiation dose and sheltering strategies for nuclear fallout. These modeling capabilities are intended to produce nearreal-time predictions to aid emergency preparedness and response by informing protective action decisions on sheltering, evacuation, relocation, and worker protection. These capabilities are developed for use in the Department of Energy (DOE) National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) at the LLNL, which also serves as the operations hub for the Department of Homeland Security led Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC)
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NARAC Modeling During the Response to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Emergency
This paper summarizes the activities of the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) during the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant crisis. NARAC provided a wide range of products and analyses as part of its support including: (1) Daily Japanese weather forecasts and hypothetical release (generic source term) dispersion predictions to provide situational awareness and inform planning for U.S. measurement data collection and field operations; (2) Estimates of potential dose in Japan for hypothetical scenarios developed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to inform federal government considerations of possible actions that might be needed to protect U.S. citizens in Japan; (3) Estimates of possible plume arrival times and dose for U.S. locations; and (4) Plume model refinement and source estimation based on meteorological analyses and available field data. The Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) deployed personnel to Japan and stood up 'home team' assets across the DOE complex to aid in assessing the consequences of the releases from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. The DOE Nuclear Incident Team (NIT) coordinated response activities, while DOE personnel provided predictive modeling, air and ground monitoring, sample collection, laboratory analysis, and data assessment and interpretation. DOE deployed the Aerial Measuring System (AMS), Radiological Assistance Program (RAP) personnel, and the Consequence Management Response Team (CMRT) to Japan. DOE/NNSA home team assets included the Consequence Management Home Team (CMHT); National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC); Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS); and Radiological Triage. NARAC was activated by the DOE/NNSA on March 11, shortly after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami occurred. The center remained on active operations through late May when DOE ended its deployment to Japan. Over 32 NARAC staff members, supplemented by other LLNL scientists, invested over 5000 person-hours of time and generated over 300 analyses and predictions