Reinforcement Learning-Driven Decision-Making for Live Virtual Machine Migration in Fog Computing

Virtualization is an essential mechanism in fog computing that enables elasticity and isolation, which in turn helps achieve resource efficiency. To bring high flexibility in a fog environment, migration of virtual machines from one node to another is required. This can be achieved by live virtual machine migration to reduce downtime and delays. Multiple existing studies have discussed live virtual machine migration in a fog environment. However, these studies have some limitations, such as pre-migrating the virtual machines based on mobility prediction only or based on the load only, which causes an issue of late and early handover. Due to the dynamic nature of fog environments, VM migration decisions require consideration of multiple factors. Hence, there is a need to develop a system that considers multiple factors to decide to migrate a virtual machine or not to solve the issue of early and late handover. This study proposes a novel approach to live virtual machine migration that applies reinforcement learning for decision-making. Experiments show that the proposed approach significantly reduces the latency of time-critical applications. The proposed system, outperforms the existing systems in terms of total average reward. The system  outperformed the mobility-only-based system by 97% when tested with two fog nodes and by 80% when tested with sixteen fog nodes in terms of average reward. Further, the proposed system outperforms the load-based system by 50% and 75% when the environment consists of two fog nodes and sixteen fog nodes, respectively. This proved that considering multiple factors in deciding virtual machine migration in a fog environment can be effectively applied in time-critical applications to reduce latency

A Parallel Routing Algorithm for Torus NoCs

Abstract. This paper proposes a parallel routing algorithm for routing multiple data streams over disjoint paths in the torus Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture. We show how to construct a maximal set of disjoint paths between any two nodes of a torus network topology and then make use of the constructed paths for the simultaneous routing of multiple data streams between these nodes. Analytical performance evaluation results are obtained showing the effectiveness of the proposed parallel routing algorithm in reducing communication delays and increasing throughput when transferring large amounts of data in an NoC-based multi-core system

Cell-Based Broadcasting Algorithms in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper proposes new cell-based broadcasting algorithms (CBB) for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It shows how communication methods originally designed for wired multiprocessor interconnection networks can be used in MANETs. CBB algorithms are based on a logical 2-dimensional grid view of the geographical region of the MANET. They make use of existing spanning trees in the 2- dimensional grid interconnection networks to support broadcasting in MANETs. In this study we developed a simulation model to measure the delivery ratio and the number of rebroadcast messages and compare the results with the well known probabilistic broadcasting algorithm

Cell-Based Broadcasting Algorithms in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

<p>This paper proposes new cell-based broadcasting algorithms (CBB) for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It shows how communication methods originally designed for wired multiprocessor interconnection networks can be used in MANETs. CBB algorithms are based on a logical 2-dimensional grid view of the geographical region of the MANET. They make use of existing spanning trees in the 2- dimensional grid interconnection networks to support broadcasting in MANETs. In this study we developed a simulation model to measure the delivery ratio and the number of rebroadcast messages and compare the results with the well known probabilistic broadcasting algorithm.</p

Fulayj: a Sasanian to early Islamic fort in the Sohar hinterland

Fulayj fort is located on the fertile Batinah plain of Oman, 12km inland from Saham and 32km southeast of the key urban centre and major medieval port of Sohar. The chance discovery of the site by Nasser Al-Jahwari in 2012, provided an important breakthrough in our potential understanding of the late pre-Islamic and initial Islamic period occupation in Oman. Finds collected during the first survey of the site were inspected by Derek Kennet and recognised as likely to be of late Sasanian or very early Islamic date. Following further recording in 2014, a broad, multidisciplinary archaeological investigation was launched in 2015. Two seasons were completed by a joint British-Omani team in 2015 and 2016. Following a break in operations, a third season of fieldwork was completed in 2022. These investigations have confirmed the initial dating of the fort and substantially enhanced our understanding of all aspects of its planning, construction, history of occupation, internal organisation, nature of use, etc. It is possible that Fulayj formed part of a wider defensive military cordon protecting the commercial and agricultural potential of the fertile coastal strip and urban centre of the Sohar region. These wider aspects will be returned to again for further consideration below