ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF MEDICINAL HERBS AND THEIR INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON RALSTONIA SOLANACEARU BACTERIA (POTATO SOFT ROT FACTOR) AND PECTOBACTERIUM CAROTOVORUM BACTERIA (POTATO WILTING FACTOR)

Potato is one of the plants that annually suffer from damages due to the soft rot and tuber disease in the cellar. Nowadays, utilizing from herbal essential oils for acquisition of natural antibacterial agents has been of great interest to control plant-pathogens. In present study, five medicinal herbs of Thymus sativum L, Coriandrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Eucalyptus globules L. were extracted using distillation with water and their inhibitory effects on Ralstonia solanacearu bacteria (potato soft rot factor) and Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria (potato wilting factor) examined through disc diffusion method1. Tube dilution method2 was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The variance analysis was carried out on tests in the form of a completely randomized factorial design. Comparison of means was performed based on Duncan's multi-domain test (MSTAT-C software). Thymus sativum L. essential oil was used in greenhouse stage, because it showed the highest level of inhibitory effect on both bacteria in the laboratory stage. The obtained results showed that Thymus sativum L. essential oil had the most antibacterial activity and effect compare with other essential by creating an inhibitory shaft diameter of 34,8 mm. For greenhouse experiments, Thymus sativum L. essential oil was used with a concentration of 0,5% by spray method and a concentration of 1% by pouring essential oil into the soil. According to the results, Thymus sativum L. reduced the occurrence of potatoes' soft rot disease up to 41% and potatoes' bacterial wilt up to 44%. Therefore, Thymus sativum L. essential oil can be utilized as an inhibitor to manage these two diseases in potato plant due to its appropriate antibacterial function

Antipathogenic effects of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon essential oil against Rhizopus rot and grey mold on strawberry fruits

Application of essential oils in controlling plant pathogens is generally associated with difficulty due to low solubility in water, strong odor, physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to minimise these effects is to use a nanoemulsion system. It also increases the antimicrobial properties. In this research, after preparation of cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum L.) essential oil (CEO), nanoemulsion of the essential oil was prepared and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The particle size of nanoemulsion was determined to be 115.33 +/- 3.97 nm. Emulsification and nanoemulsion of the essential oil along with thiabendazole as an antifungal agent at various concentrations of active ingredient were studied for control of Rhizopus stolonifera and Botrytis cinerea fungi, strawberry fruit decay. Results in solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium indicated that emulsion and nanoemulsion of CEO have a significant difference in antifungal activity against B. cinerea and R. stolonifera. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 500 and 1,000 mu l fungi per liter of culture medium. According to the results of the research, essential oil nanoemulsion had a significant effect on the reduction of a fungal cartilage of strawberry fruit. In general, nano-emulsions of the essential oil showed more antifungal activity than essential oil. There was no significant difference in decay control between thiabendazole and CEO. The nano-emulsion of cinnamon oil at a concentration of 0.2% proved significant effect in reducing fruit decay and showed the lowest fruit infection (5.43%). Consequently, nano-emulsion of essential oil is recommended for the production of natural fungicides

Molecular identification and primer design for spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) belonging to the family Drosophilidae is a harmful insect pest in Russian Federation. At times, it may be specific to classify using adults and larva or nymph samples. The method of molecular diagnosis for D. suzukii has been developed from another non-quarantine species Drosophila sp. using the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I region of 709-bp. DNA samples with LCO1490 and HCO2198 primers amplified by Drosophila spp. collections in laboratory samples from Mexico, Egypt and Turkey were compared to other GenBank Drosophila taxa sequences. Based on DNA sequence polymorphisms, the findings of the polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) have shown that these primers (12. dsuz.F/R) classify the exact region of the gene as well as the specific Drosophila suzukii primer. This DNA collection is appropriate for regular use by diagnostic and research organizations as safety measure in quarantine and further reduce the spread of this pest. © 2020, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

Molecular identification and design of specific primer for quarantine fruit fly (Drosophila suzukii)

Spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is widespread throughout all the important production regions in the world and originates from Asia. In the Russian territory due to strong quarantine and preventive protocols, there are no reports of this fruit fly. Between several methods of the identification of D. suzukii, real-time PCR is a much sufficient method that we used in this project. The proposed method for differentiation is to use the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene region 709-bp. Performance characteristics of this qualitative assay, validation, and applicability in the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center are discussed. As a result, we developed, and validated a rapid, highly sensitive and specific primer (3. Dsuz) based on Real-time PCR. © 2020, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

Parameters Affecting the Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using the Aquatic Extract of Scrophularia striata and their Antibacterial Properties

Green synthesis is a simple, low-cost, non-toxic, environmentally friendly and efficient approach to use. Leaf extract of plants rich in polyphenols, such as flavonoids, is a powerful agent in reducing the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters affecting the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Scrophularia striata plant and their antimicrobial activity. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles was accomplished by the interaction of golden salt (HAuCl4, 3H(2)O) with aqueous extract of Scrophularia striata. In order to obtain uniform and spherical nanoparticles, the following parameters affecting the biosynthesis of nanoparticles were investigated and optimized by ultraviolet-spectrophotometric technique; golden salt concentration, extract volume, pH and reaction time. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique were also used to further characterize nanoparticles. Finally, the anti-bacterial properties of gold nanoparticles were investigated by disc diffusion method. The resulting absorption spectra exhibited strong peaks at 570 nm, which is a specific wavelength for gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the gold nanoparticles had a spherical shape with a mean diameter of 5-10nm, and the highest diameter of the growth inhibition zone was observed on the diameter of the hafnium bacteria (14mm). In this study, it was observed that, with the aid of Scrophularia striata aqueous extracts, a golden nanoparticle showed an antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria

Molecular diagnostics of Ditylenchus destructor based on the ITS-rDNA from Iran and Russia federation

Several nematode species related to potato have been documented. Among these, the potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor (Thorne) may cause important losses in potato yields. Proper identification of nematode species and isolates is important. To verify species identification, the populations of D. destructor from Iran and the Russian Federation were tested for differences using PCR with species-specific primers for the rapid and reliable result. New sequences deposited in the Genbank under accession numbers MN307126, MN307128 and MN493767 from Iran populations, and MN658597, MN658599, MN658637 and MN658638 from Russian populations. Phylogenetic studies of the ITS-rDNA region of D. destructor put it in a distinct clade. © 2020, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

Developing PCR primers for identification of potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) in the Russian Federation and Iran

The potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) species is an influential pathogenic potato nematode. Many countries impose quarantine restrictions on the presence of D. destructor in imported plant and soil materials. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center of Russia Federation with samples collected from the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Russia and Iran. In the current study, we developed PCR with species-specific primers for the rapid and reliable separation of D. destructor using gel electrophoresis and melting curve analysis. A species-specific primer set was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The PCR protocol was verified using samples of D. destructor and the closely related species, D. dipsaci and D. gigas. The species-specific primer set was able to detect D. destructor from samples containing mixtures of Ditylenchus species. The PCR species-specific protocol should allow for more rapid identification of Ditylenchus species recovered from plant materials than previously possible. © 2020, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

Nine strains of pseudomonas fluorescens and p. Putida: Effects on growth indices, seed and yield production of carthamus tinctorius l.

To study the effects of growth promoting bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. on the yield production and some of the vegetative growth traits of the medicinal plant, Carthamus tinctorius variety IL111, an experiment was carried out on the Research Farm of Ilam University. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The treatments included the inoculation of seeds with strains 36, 99, 169 and 187 of Pseudomonas fluorescens as well as strains 168, 177, 159, 11 and 41 of Pseudomonas putida bacteria along with the non-inoculated treatment (control). In every experimental plot with 18 m² area, the inoculated seeds with bacteria were planted in six with an intra-row spacing of 15 cm. The results indicated that from 16 measured traits respecting the vegetative and yield production traits in the safflower plant, seven traits were affected by the treatment of bacteria which included stem diameter, number of primary branches in plants, index of leaf area, plant dry biomass, crop growth rate, seed oil percentage and the weight of 1000 seeds. These traits were superior in the plants inoculated with PGPR bacteria. The efficiency of P. putida bacteria was superior to P. fluorescens and the control. Totally the strains 177 and 11 of P. putida had the best vegetative and yield production in terms of the mentioned traits in safflower plant. The application of biological fertilizers (growth promoting bacteria) demonstrated ability to improve the growth characteristics of this plant. © 2008, Gaurav Society of Agricultural Research Information Centre. All rights reserved

An improvement in acute wound healing in mice by the combined application of photobiomodulation and curcumin-loaded iron particles

Here, we examined the combined effect of pulse wave photobiomodulation (PBM) with curcumin-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (curcumin), in an experimental mouse model of acute skin wound. Thirty male adult mice were randomly allocated into 5 groups. Group 1 was served as the control group. Group 2 was a placebo and received distilled water, as a carrier of curcumin. Group 3 received laser (890 nm, 80 Hz, 0.2 J/cm 2 ). Group 4 received curcumin by taking four injections around the wound. Group 5 received laser + curcumin. One full-thickness excisional round wound was made on the back of all the mice. On days 0, 4, 7, and 14, bacterial flora, wound surface area, and tensile strength were examined and microbiological examinations were performed. In case of wound closure, the two-way ANOVA shows that wound surface area of entire groups decreased progressively. However, the decrease in laser + curcumin and laser groups, and especially data from laser + curcumin group were statistically more significant, in comparison with the other groups (F statistics = 2.28, sig = 0.019). In terms of microbiology, the two-way ANOVA showed that laser, and laser + curcumin groups have statistically a lower bacterial count than the curcumin, control, and carrier groups (F statistics = 35, sig = 0 = 000). Finally, the one-way ANOVA showed that laser + curcumin, curcumin, and curcumin significantly increased wound strength, compared to the control and carrier groups. Furthermore, laser + curcumin significantly increased wound strength, compared to the control, laser, and curcumin groups (LSD test, p = 0.003, p = 0.002, and p = 0.005, respectively). In conclusion, curcumin nanoparticles, pulse wave laser, and pulse wave laser + curcumin nanoparticles accelerate wound healing, through a significant increase in wound closure rate, as well as wound strength, and a significant decrease in Staphylococcus aureus counts. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of our data suggests that the combined treatment of pulse wave laser + curcumin nanoparticles enhances the wound closure rate, and wound strength, compared to the laser and curcumin nanoparticles alone. © 2018, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature