A Review of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Innervation in the Structural and Functional Maintenance of the Male Gonad

The nervous system controls and coordinates the functions of all body systems, including the male reproductive system. The male gonad, responsible for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, receives autonomous sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, having a great influence on the structural and functional integrity of this organ. The testis receives autonomic innervation primarily at the superior and inferior poles, specifically by the superior and inferior spermatic nerves. This nervous control is wired into all testicular cell populations such as contractile cells (myoid cells), germ cells, and steroidogenic cells. Many studies have also described the influence of autonomic innervation on Sertoli cell control. Thus, any possible interference of physical or chemical agents whose action is directly or indirectly linked to the nervous control of the testicle can result in changes and/or damage to male reproduction, with emphasis on testicular impairment. The present chapter consists of a review of data about the effects of physical or chemical alterations on the autonomous innervation and its repercussions on male gonad. For this, it is necessary to understand the general aspect of the nervous system and the male gonad morphology and innervation, as well as the action of drugs or any methods that promote changes in the communication between these two systems

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora