The DF of the four combined polymorphic types.

<p>Subjects with both T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes displayed the lowest DF values among the four groups, suggesting the slowest gastric motility. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the DF between the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype and T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test).</p

EGG power spectrum analysis results.

<p>Typical sets of raw EGG waves (top of each figure) and the corresponding power spectral data (bottom of each figure) obtained from a T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 (A) and a T/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 genotype subject (B). By visual inspection, in the T/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 genotype subject, the DF of the waves was diminished and shifted toward the slower frequency compared to the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype subject.</p

Comparison of biological parameters and breakfast frequency among four genotype groups.

<p>Values are expressed as subject numbers or mean ± s.e. or number and frequency (%).</p><p>^a ANOVA using post hoc Turkey's test.</p><p>^b<i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i>. T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4</p><p>^c χ²-tests or Fisher's exact test.</p><p>Comparison of biological parameters and breakfast frequency among four genotype groups.</p

The resting HR of the four combined polymorphic types.

<p>Subjects with both T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes displayed the lowest resting HR values among the four groups. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the resting HR between the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype and T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test).</p

Subject characteristics according to genotype of <i>CLOCK</i> and <i>PER3</i>.

<p>Values are expressed as subject numbers or mean ± s.e. or number and frequency (%).</p><p>^a Unpaired Student's <i>t</i>-test (T/T <i>vs</i>. T/C or C/C, <i>PER3</i>^4/4<i>vs</i>. <i>PER3</i>^{4/5 or 5/5}).</p><p>^b χ²-tests or Fisher's exact test (T/T <i>vs</i>. T/C or C/C, <i>PER3</i>^4/4<i>vs</i>. <i>PER3</i>^{4/5 or 5/5}).</p><p>Subject characteristics according to genotype of <i>CLOCK</i> and <i>PER3</i>.</p

Presentation_1_Age- and height-dependent bias of underweight and overweight assessment standards for children and adolescents.pdf

BackgroundPrecision in evaluating underweight and overweight status among children and adolescents is paramount for averting health and developmental issues. Existing standards for these assessments have faced scrutiny regarding their validity. This study investigates the age and height dependencies within the international standards set by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), relying on body mass index (BMI), and contrasts them with Japanese standards utilizing the percentage of overweight (POW).MethodWe scrutinized a comprehensive database comprising 7,863,520 children aged 5–17 years, sourced from the School Health Statistics Research initiative conducted by Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Employing the quantile regression method, we dissected the structure of weight-for-height distributions across different ages and sexes, quantifying the potentially biased assessments of underweight and overweight status by conventional criteria.ResultsApplying IOFT criteria for underweight assessment revealed pronounced height dependence in males aged 11–13 and females aged 10–11. Notably, a discernible bias emerged, wherein children in the lower 25th percentile were classified as underweight five times more frequently than those in the upper 25th percentile. Similarly, the overweight assessment displayed robust height dependence in males aged 8–11 and females aged 7–10, with children in the lower 25th percentile for height deemed obese four or five times more frequently than their counterparts in the upper 25th percentile. Furthermore, using the Japanese POW criteria for assessment revealed significant age dependence in addition to considerably underestimating the percentage of underweight and overweight cases under the age of seven. However, the height dependence for the POW criterion was smaller than the BMI criterion, and the difference between height classes was less than 3-fold.ConclusionOur findings underscore the intricacies of age-dependent changes in body composition during the growth process in children, emphasizing the absence of gold standards for assessing underweight and overweight. Careful judgment is crucial in cases of short or tall stature at the same age, surpassing sole reliance on conventional criteria results.</p