Exercise Therapy for Physical Therapist

This chapter describes exercise therapy in terms of definition, objectives, concept, techniques, mechanisms, and equipment. Mechanisms explaining the effect of exercise training on treatments for other diseases are included. In addition, new biomarkers capable of evaluating exercise performance capacity and progress in training and early detection of overtraining are provided. Very promising are mainly small non‐coding microRNAs (miRNAs). Important background knowledge for exercise therapy is also provided. The knowledge covers the exercise for healthy and unhealthy people. The former includes sedentary and sport player. The latter includes patients with various diseases, for example, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disease, orthopedics, etc. Importantly, all the knowledge was presented in latest information

Physiological responses to “Focus T25”

“Focus T25”is a high-intensity exercise program. It is produced by beach body and led by world renowned personal trainer Shaun-T. Shaun-T was the program creator of the incredibly popular Insanity program which is a bit longer in duration. “Focus T25” takes around 25 minutes with 2-5 minutes of stretching after 25-minute workout. The word “focus” was used because Shaun T has chosen the most effective exercise combinations that will build and burn a large number of muscles and fat in the quickest time possible within 25 minutes. Overall, “Focus T25” increases muscular strength, power and endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, speed, balance and flexibility. In addition, it improves body temperature regulation. Therefore, it could be benefit for health promotion. However, if we do it wrong we may get injury from its high intensity and jumping. If the exercisers are not fit enough we may experience muscle and tendon injuries, fatigue, joint pain, faint or heart failure. Beneficial physiological effects of “Focus T25” following by precaution and termination of the exercise are summarized. This may help exercisers gain full benefit from “Focus T25” with safety

Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of dietary black sesame meal in pre-hypertensive humans

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It has been known that hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Elevation of blood pressure (BP) increases the adverse effect for cardiovascular outcomes. Prevention of increased BP plays a crucial role in a reduction of those outcomes, leading to a decrease in mortality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary black sesame meal on BP and oxidative stress in individuals with prehypertension.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-two women and eight men (aged 49.8 ± 6.6 years) with prehypertension were randomly divided into two groups, 15 subjects per group. They ingested 2.52 g black sesame meal capsules or placebo capsules each day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting for measurement of plasma lipid, malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin E levels. Anthropometry, body composition and BP were measured before and after 4-week administration of black sesame meal or a placebo.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results showed that 4-week administration of black sesame meal significantly decreased systolic BP (129.3 ± 6.8 vs. 121.0 ± 9.0 mmHg, <it>P </it>< 0.05) and MDA level (1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol/L, <it>P </it>< 0.05), and increased vitamin E level (29.4 ± 6.0 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 μmol/L, <it>P </it>< 0.01). In the black sesame meal group, the change in SBP tended to be positively related to the change in MDA (<it>R = 0.50, P </it>= 0.05), while the change in DBP was negatively related to the change in vitamin E (<it>R = -0.55, P </it>< 0.05). There were no correlations between changes in BP and oxidative stress in the control group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest the possible antihypertensive effects of black sesame meal on improving antioxidant status and decreasing oxidant stress. These data may imply a beneficial effect of black sesame meal on prevention of CVD.</p

Factors affecting metabolic responses to exercise after ingestion of a CHO meal

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Telomere Length Is Correlated with Resting Metabolic Rate and Aerobic Capacity in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study investigated the associations between relative telomere length (RTL) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), resting fat oxidation (RFO), and aerobic capacity and whether oxidative stress and inflammation are the underlying mechanisms in sedentary women. We also aimed to determine whether the correlations depend on age and obesity. Sixty-eight normal weight and 66 obese women participated in this study. After adjustment for age, energy expenditure, energy intake, and education level, the RTL of all participants was negatively correlated with absolute RMR (RMRAB) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, and positively correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (V&#729;O2max) (all p &lt; 0.05). After additional adjustment for adiposity indices and fat-free mass (FFM), RTL was positively correlated with plasma vitamin C concentration (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, after adjustment for fasting blood glucose concentration, RTL was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with V&#729;O2max (mL/kg FFM/min). We found that normal weight women had longer RTL than obese women (p &lt; 0.001). We suggest that RTL is negatively correlated with RMRAB and positively correlated with aerobic capacity, possibly via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, age and obesity influenced the associations. We provide useful information for the management of promotion strategies for health-related physical fitness in women

Effects of Irvingia gabonensis Extract on Metabolism, Antioxidants, Adipocytokines, Telomere Length, and Aerobic Capacity in Overweight/Obese Individuals

We investigated the effects of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) kernel extract on the metabolism, adiposity indices, redox status, inflammation, adipocytokines, blood leukocyte relative telomere length (RTL), and aerobic capacity of overweight/obese individuals. All participants used the first 12-week phase to monitor body weight. They were then randomly divided into two groups: (1) 300 mg IG or (2) placebo (PLA). Both groups took one tablet per day for 12 weeks. The variables were measured before supplementation and after 3, 6, and 12 weeks of supplementation. RTL and aerobic capacity were measured before and after 12 weeks. Compared with the PLA, the IG increased plasma vitamin C after supplementation at 6 (p &lt; 0.01) and 12 weeks (p &lt; 0.05) and serum adiponectin after 3 weeks (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with before supplementation, plasma malondialdehyde in the IG and serum leptin in the PLA were decreased after 12-week supplementation, without any differences between the groups. There were no differences between groups with respect to metabolism, inflammation, RTL, and aerobic capacity after the supplementation. We suggest that 12-week daily IG supplementation improved plasma vitamin C and adiponectin. The findings show the possible mechanism contributing to the effect of IG supplementation on a reduction in obesity-related complications