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Not AvailableGrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an important fruit crop grown under diverse climatic conditions. During its life span, the grapevine experiences many challenging conditions, which are expected to become more prominent in the future due to climate change. These factors affect the grapevine phenology, physiology, and berry metabolism resulting in poor-quality berries. In grapes, the berry development process is complex and takes place in three distinct phases, each characterized by specific metabolic activities. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on understanding the transcriptional and metabolic networks regulating grape berry development. Analysis of transcriptome, metabolome, and proteome of grape berries has provided much insight into the molecular aspects of grape berry development. Considering the widespread consequences of climate change, understanding the effects of external factors on grapevine development, ripening process, and fruit quality through different omics approaches has gained importance. Integration of these approaches is the key to unravel the underlying process of berry development and the influence of external factors. This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms of grape berry development using omics approaches.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) is applied at different stages of bunch development to achieve desirable bunch shape and berry size in seedless grapes used for table purpose. RNA sequence-based transcriptome analysis was used to understand the mechanism of GA3 action at cluster emergence, full bloom, and berry stage in table grape variety Thompson Seedless. At cluster emergence, rachis samples were collected at 6 and 24 h after application of GA3, whereas flower clusters and berry samples were collected at 6, 24, and 48 h after application at full bloom and 3–4 mm berry stages. Seven hundred thirty-three genes were differentially expressed in GA3-treated samples. At rachis and flower cluster stage respectively, 126 and 264 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed within 6 h of GA3 application. The number of DEG reduced considerably at 24 h. However, at berry stage, major changes occurred even at 24 h and a number of DEGs at 6 and 24 h were 174 and 191, respectively. As compared to upregulated genes, larger numbers of genes were downregulated. Stage-specific response to the GA3 applicationwas observed as evident from the unique set ofDEGs at each stage and only a few common genes among three stages. Among the DEGs, 67 were transcription factors. Functional categorization and enrichment analysis revealed that several transcripts involved in sucrose and hexose metabolism, hormone and secondary metabolism, and abiotic and biotic stimuli were enriched in response to application of GA3. A high correlation was recorded for real-time PCR and transcriptome data for selected DEGs, thus indicating the robustness of transcriptome data obtained in this study for understanding the GA3 response at different stages of berry development in grape. Chromosomal localization of DEGs and identification of polymorphic microsatellite markers in selected genes have potential for their use in breeding for varieties with improved bunch architecture.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is the largest superfamily of secondary transporters present in all organisms, from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes, that facilitates transport of diverse molecules like sugars, vitamins, amino-acids, hormones, etc. across cell membranes. The superfamily was further expanded to MFS Superfamily (MFSS) to integrate MFS with nine more families. The present study revealed their land plant specific diversity through identification across six species from unicellular alga to higher flowering plants. We identified 71, 131, 254, 260, 213 and 203 MFSS transporters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Oryza sativa (var. Japonica), Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera, respectively and classified them into MFSS families and subfamilies based on their transporter classification identifiers (TCIDs). Detailed analysis of 20 land plant specific subfamilies was conducted in A. thaliana and V. vinifera. Phylogenetic and gene duplication studies revealed the expansion of sugar porter and proton dependent oligopeptide transporter families in Arabidopsis and grape. The subcellular localization of the majority of the transporters was predicted to be in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the microarray expression analysis of MFSS transporters from Arabidopsis and grapes revealed their multi-tissue-specificity and differential regulation under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Studies of the transmembrane topology highlighted the presence of central cytoplasmic loop along with family specific topological variations that were evident from phylogenetic analysis. Overall, this study adds to the knowledge of functional and structural diversity and evolution of MFSS transporters in plants and opens the scope for detailed physiological and functional studies on these proteins.Not Availabl

Phylogenomic analysis of UDP glycosyltransferase 1 multigene family in <it>Linum usitatissimum</it> identified genes with varied expression patterns

Abstract Background The glycosylation process, catalyzed by ubiquitous glycosyltransferase (GT) family enzymes, is a prevalent modification of plant secondary metabolites that regulates various functions such as hormone homeostasis, detoxification of xenobiotics and biosynthesis and storage of secondary metabolites. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a commercially grown oilseed crop, important because of its essential fatty acids and health promoting lignans. Identification and characterization of UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes from flax could provide valuable basic information about this important gene family and help to explain the seed specific glycosylated metabolite accumulation and other processes in plants. Plant genome sequencing projects are useful to discover complexity within this gene family and also pave way for the development of functional genomics approaches. Results Taking advantage of the newly assembled draft genome sequence of flax, we identified 137 UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes from flax using a conserved signature motif. Phylogenetic analysis of these protein sequences clustered them into 14 major groups (A-N). Expression patterns of these genes were investigated using publicly available expressed sequence tag (EST), microarray data and reverse transcription quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). Seventy-three per cent of these genes (100 out of 137) showed expression evidence in 15 tissues examined and indicated varied expression profiles. The RT-qPCR results of 10 selected genes were also coherent with the digital expression analysis. Interestingly, five duplicated UGT genes were identified, which showed differential expression in various tissues. Of the seven intron loss/gain positions detected, two intron positions were conserved among most of the UGTs, although a clear relationship about the evolution of these genes could not be established. Comparison of the flax UGTs with orthologs from four other sequenced dicot genomes indicated that seven UGTs were flax diverged. Conclusions Flax has a large number of UGT genes including few flax diverged ones. Phylogenetic analysis and expression profiles of these genes identified tissue and condition specific repertoire of UGT genes from this crop. This study would facilitate precise selection of candidate genes and their further characterization of substrate specificities and in planta functions.</p

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Not AvailableRachis elongation is a crucial process in producing good quality table grapes. In compact clustered grape variety like Thompson Seedless, treating the flower panicles with a mild dose of GA3 results in loose clusters. We sprayed GA3 on Thompson Seedless panicles immediately after emergence, and the samples were collected at 6 h and 24 h after application. Whole proteome analysis revealed significant differential expression of 530 proteins of the total 1288 expressed proteins at two time-points. GO term enrichment analysis revealed enrichment of GO terms related to translation, biosynthetic processes, and photosynthesis in GA3- treated samples. As the process of rachis elongation requires enhanced carbon metabolism and accumulation of sugars through the expansion of phloem area, we attribute this to the overexpression of several proteins involved in these processes. Significantly highly expressed proteins also belonged to biological processes like the generation of precursor metabolites, cellular protein metabolic processes, response to abiotic stimulus, and protein metabolic processes. This study might be the first of its kind in deciphering the contribution of a different group of proteins during rachis elongation as an early response to GA3 application in seedless grapes. These results provide quality information on various physiological and biochemical changes occurring during early stages of rachis elongation.Not Availabl

Primer sequences of the virulence related genes and <i>EF1α</i> (used as a reference gene) used for qRT-PCR.

<p>Primer sequences of the virulence related genes and <i>EF1α</i> (used as a reference gene) used for qRT-PCR.</p

Early stages of chickpea root colonization by Foc 2 marked with eGFP in susceptible (JG62) cultivar by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

<p><b>A.</b> Uniform expression of eGFP in hyphae and spores of transformed isolate D4. <b>B.</b> Germinating conidium with primary mycelium in contact with root apex at 24 hpi. <b>C-D.</b> Initial hyphal colonization at lower root zone at 2 dpi. <b>E.</b> Intermediate root zone showing hyphal colonization extending from epidermis to cortical cells at 2 dpi. <b>F-G.</b> Vascular region of root getting colonized at 3 dpi. <b>H.</b> Fungal colonization in cortex region of DVI.</p

Temporal pattern of colonization of Foc 2 in both susceptible (JG62) and resistant (Digvijay) cultivars of chickpea.

<p>R- Root, S- Shoot, LR- Lower Root, MR- Middle Root, UR- Upper Root. <b>A.</b> (1–3 dpi) Surface colonization in both susceptible and resistant cultivars. <b>B.</b> (4–6 dpi) Transverse sections (TS) of root depicting entry of fungus in vascular bundle only in JGI. <b>C.</b> (8 dpi) Transverse sections of lower and middle roots showing increasing amount of fungus in vasculature of JGI while only few fungal mass seen in DVI only in LR. <b>D.</b> (10–12 dpi) Transverse sections of all lower, middle, upper roots of JGI reveal higher fungal mass in vascular tissue with few fungal mycelia reaching stem also. However, little fungal mass can be seen till cortex region of TS of LR in DVI with remaining TSs of MR, UR and Stem are clear.</p