A study of the performance of organometal trihalide perovskite solar cell due to defects in bulk CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) perovskite layer

In this numerical simulation research, we have investigated device performances of p-i-n type organometal trihalide perovskite solar cell by introducing deep and shallow defects in the bulk halide perovskite layer. The organometal halide perovskite solar cell device structure has Glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Bulk-MAPI/2D-MAPI/PCBM/Ag. The open-circuit voltage of the solar cell was decreased due to both shallow and deep defects of the bulk-MAPI layer which increase the recombination of electron-hole pairs in the solar cell. The dark saturation current, which causes to reduce the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell, was increased due to the deep defects in the bulk-MAPI layer. Therefore, the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be enhanced by minimizing the deep defects in the bulk-MAPI layer, which can increase the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell by suppressing the effect of dark saturation current. We have verified that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination is the most predominant recombination mechanism when only the deep defects are presented in the bulk-MAPI layer. Also, this investigation has proved, that Radiative recombination has become the most predominant recombination mechanism when the shallow defects are presented in the bulk-MAPI layer by completely omitting the deep defects of the bulk-MAPI layer. Finally, our model verified that the dark saturation current of the solar cell controls the open-circuit voltage when the recombination is occurring in the solar cell. Iodine interstitial defects that mainly act as deep defects in the bulk-MAPI layer should be minimized to increase the overall solar cell performance and power conversion efficiency of the organometal trihalide perovskite solar cell device. KEYWORDS: Perovskite-Based Solar Cell, Recombination, Dark Saturation Current, Defects, Power-Conversion Efficiency &nbsp

Clinical presentation and bacteriological profile of diabetic foot in Eastern Bihar, India

Background: Diabetes is a worldwide problem. A majority of diabetic patients develop foot ulcers in one point of time or other during the course of their illness. Chronic wound, especially non-healing types are the most common surgical conditions. The etiopathogenesis of diabetic foot lesions are multi-factorial like diabetic neuropathies, vasculopathy, poor control of diabetes and bacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to study various modes of presentation and microbiological profile in management of diabetic foot.Methods: 100 diagnosed cases of diabetic foot were studied over a period of three years in the department of General Surgery at Katihar Medical College with emphasis on clinical features and microbiological picture of diabetic foot and its complications.Results: Males are more prone to surgical complications three times than females because of more outdoor activities. It is more prevalent in age group 51-60 years (36%). In the present study, cases presenting with ulcer were maximum (52%) followed by cellulitis (20%), cases presenting with gangrene of toe or foot was minimum (12%). Staphylococcus Aureus was found in majority of cases of septic lesions on culture of pus (41%). Other organisms isolated were Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E.Coli, Proteus etc.Conclusions: Diabetic foot has varied presentation. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its surgical complications can be attributed to poor patient knowledge, education and awareness of the disease. Patient education for care of feet such as pairing of nails, wearing proper footwear and prompt reporting to doctor in case of early lesions is essential.

A METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING NON-VISUAL INTERACTION BASED AUTHENTICATION

The present disclosure relates to a method and system for providing non-visual interaction based authentication. Such non-visual interaction based authentication may be provided in any user equipment of a user. Moreover, such non-visual interaction based authentication may be especially provided for specially abled users which utilise accessibility features. The method includes combining non-visual interaction modalities for entering authentication pin discreetly, using buttons or other modalities available on the user equipment

CONTINUOUS AUTHENTICATION USING ACCESSIBILITY SETTINGS AND USAGE ANALYSIS

The present invention discloses a method and system for continuous authentication using accessibility settings and usage analysis which can be used during mobile application login. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) based system, continuously captures and analyses a specially abled user’s behaviour and accessibility settings. The AI would then come up with a risk based score. This risk score will then be used to decide whether or not to skip Multi Factor Authentication (MFA)

A METHOD AND USER EQUIPMENT FOR PROVIDING VIBRATION BASED COMMUNICATION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USERS

The present disclosure relates to a method and user equipment (UE) (102) for providing vibration-based communication of sensitive information for visually impaired users (101). In the present disclosure, initially the UE (102) may receive a request from the visually impaired user (101) to access information present on a virtual card. The UE (102) detects whether the information requested corresponds to be sensitive information. Further, the UE (102) encodes the information into a vibration pattern on confirming it to be sensitive information. Finally, the UE (102) generates the encoded vibration patterns for the visually impaired users (101) to complete the transaction, wherein the visually impaired user (101) refers to an instruction manual to decode the vibration pattern

Visa Accessible Card (VAC) for specially abled users

The present disclosure relates to a VISA Accessible Cards (VAC) (202) which are designed for easy and secure transactions. The VAC (202) has limited alphabetic characters (102) as the card number, presented in Braille (104) and regular characters for both specially abled people and normal people. The card may not have other details like CVV or expiry date. The card information, such as PAN, expiry date, and CVV may be mapped to the VAC characters and stored securely in a cloud server. Users may choose different engravings on front of the card for easy identification. The card may accompanied by the VAC app, which requires biometric authentication for all transactions

EM Performance Analysis of Tri-layer Metamaterial FSS for Radome Applications

Abstract attached as PD