Suppression of starch accumulation in ‘sugar leaves’ of rice affects plant productivity under field conditions

<p>While many plants accumulate the majority of their photoassmilates as starch during the daytime, some plants accumulate sucrose. Although the existence of these high-sucrose leaves, called ‘sugar leaves’, has long been known, the physiological characteristics of sugar leaves compared to ‘starch leaves’ remain unclear. In this study, the physiological roles of starch accumulation in rice, which has typical sugar leaves, were investigated using a mutant with suppressed leaf-starch biosynthesis. When grown under controlled conditions with light intensity of 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, the initial growth of the mutant was similar to that of the wild-type plant, even with a 6-h-light/18-h-dark photoperiod in which carbon resources for growth are required during the night. This finding indicates that rice does not rely on leaf starch as a carbon resource during the night. By contrast, under field conditions, the grain yields of the mutant were significantly lower than those of the wild type only when the plants were exposed to full sunlight during the ripening period. These results may indicate that starch accumulation in sugar leaves plays an important role in maintaining a high source capacity under sufficient light conditions rather than as a carbon resource for the plant’s growth at night.</p

Mutation of the <i>SP1</i> gene is responsible for the small-panicle trait in the rice cultivar Tachisuzuka, but not necessarily for high sugar content in the stem

<p>Tachisuzuka, a rice cultivar grown for whole-crop silage, is characterized by the small-panicle trait and high-stem sugar content. To investigate the interrelationship between the two features, we attempted to identify the gene responsible for the small-panicle trait in Tachisuzuka, and also to examine the function of the gene using a knockout mutant line. A functionally disruptive deletion of the nucleotide sequence was found in the gene <i>SP1</i> (<i>Short</i>-<i>Panicle 1</i>; Os11g0235200) in Tachisuzuka, which has been reported as a candidate gene for the small-panicle trait. A gene knockout mutant of <i>SP1</i> obtained from the cultivar Nipponbare showed a small-panicle phenotype similar to that observed in Tachisuzuka. However, soluble sugar content in the stem did not increase in the knockout line, whereas starch content increased significantly. Overall, disruption of <i>SP1</i> is responsible for the small-panicle phenotype of Tachisuzuka, but it is only partially associated with the high-stem sugar content.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Genetic Evidence for the Role of a Rice Vacuolar Invertase as a Molecular Sink Strength Determinant

Details of primers used in this study. Figure S1. Confirmation of the presence of aberrant transcripts in the mutants (KO) using semi-quantitative PCR. Figure S2. Expression in the spikelet using promoter: GUS lines. Figure S3. Number of rachis branches and grain size differences between the field-grown WT and the mutants (KO). Figure S4. Photosynthesis rates for the WT and mutants (KO) at various growth stages from panicle initiation to late ripening. Figure S5. VIN, NIN and CWIN activity, and mRNA abundance of OsINV2 in young panicles (~ 4–5 cm in length) at panicle initiation for WT and the mutants (KO). (PPTX 59980 kb

Characterization of sugar metabolism in the stem of Tachisuzuka, a whole-crop silage rice cultivar with high sugar content in the stem

<p>Tachisuzuka, a rice cultivar for whole-crop silage, is characterized by a small panicle and high sugar content in the stem. Our previous study suggests that the high sugar content in the stem of Tachisuzuka is due to a factor other than the small panicle. To characterize sugar metabolism in the stem of Tachisuzuka, here we compared carbohydrate content, enzyme activity, and the expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism in the stem between Tachisuzuka and its parental variety, Kusanohoshi. Thinning the panicles of Kusanohoshi increased the starch content in the leaf sheath and internode but did not increase the sucrose content in the leaf sheath to the same level as that of Tachisuzuka. This suggests that Tachisuzuka has high potential to accumulate sucrose in its leaf sheath. Comparison of enzyme activity showed that the hexokinase activities in the leaf sheath tended to be higher in Tachisuzuka than Kusanohoshi or panicle-thinned Kusanohoshi, suggesting that glucokinase or fructokinase affects sugar accumulation in the stem of Tachisuzuka. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the differences in expression levels of carbohydrate-related genes between Tachisuzuka and Kusanohoshi. In particular, the expression levels of <i>ISA2</i>, which encodes starch-debranching enzyme, and <i>TMT2</i>, which encodes tonoplast monosaccharide transporter – both of which maybe involved in sugar accumulation in grass stems – were higher in Tachisuzuka than Kusanohoshi. Thus, these enzymes and transporters may contribute to the high sugar content in the stem of Tachisuzuka.</p