735 research outputs found
Concepts and a case study for a flexible class of graphical Markov models
With graphical Markov models, one can investigate complex dependences,
summarize some results of statistical analyses with graphs and use these graphs
to understand implications of well-fitting models. The models have a rich
history and form an area that has been intensively studied and developed in
recent years. We give a brief review of the main concepts and describe in more
detail a flexible subclass of models, called traceable regressions. These are
sequences of joint response regressions for which regression graphs permit one
to trace and thereby understand pathways of dependence. We use these methods to
reanalyze and interpret data from a prospective study of child development, now
known as the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk. The two related primary
features concern cognitive and motor development, at the age of 4.5 and 8 years
of a child. Deficits in these features form a sequence of joint responses.
Several possible risks are assessed at birth of the child and when the child
reached age 3 months and 2 years.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables; invited, refereed chapter in a boo
Matrix representations and independencies in directed acyclic graphs
For a directed acyclic graph, there are two known criteria to decide whether
any specific conditional independence statement is implied for all
distributions factorized according to the given graph. Both criteria are based
on special types of path in graphs. They are called separation criteria because
independence holds whenever the conditioning set is a separating set in a graph
theoretical sense. We introduce and discuss an alternative approach using
binary matrix representations of graphs in which zeros indicate independence
statements. A matrix condition is shown to give a new path criterion for
separation and to be equivalent to each of the previous two path criteria.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS594 the Annals of
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
Star graphs induce tetrad correlations: for Gaussian as well as for binary variables
Tetrad correlations were obtained historically for Gaussian distributions
when tasks are designed to measure an ability or attitude so that a single
unobserved variable may generate the observed, linearly increasing dependences
among the tasks. We connect such generating processes to a particular type of
directed graph, the star graph, and to the notion of traceable regressions.
Tetrad correlation conditions for the existence of a single latent variable are
derived. These are needed for positive dependences not only in joint Gaussian
but also in joint binary distributions. Three applications with binary items
are given.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures, 5 table
Effects of an unobserved confounder on a system with an intermediate outcome
In der Theorie graphischer Markov Modelle, in denen Beziehungen zwischen vielen Variablen über konditionale Interdependenzen vereinfacht werden, spielen azyklische Graphen eine spezielle Rolle. Sie können dazu benutzt werden, um statistische Modelle zu representieren, in denen Daten schrittweise generiert werden. Responses und intermediäre Variablen können event histories sein . Wir diskutieren ein derartiges System mit sequentieller Behandlung und einem Confounder, das ist eine Variable mit Auswirkungen auf den endgültigen Output und eine der erklärenden Vaiablen. Es werden Verfahren aufgezeigt, wie mit diesem Problem umgegangen werden kann. (Lo)'In the theory of graphical Markov models in which relations between many variables are simplified via conditional independencies a special rote is played by directed acyclic graphs. They can be used to represent statistical models in which data are generated in a stepwise fashion. Responses and intermediate variables may be event histories. We discuss such a system with sequentially administered treatments and a confounder, that is a variable which affects both the final outcome and one of its explanatory variables. The effect of not observing the confounder is to obtain the final and an intermediate outcome as Joint responses and leads to the important observation by Robins and Wasserman (1997) that any univariate conditional distribution for the final outcome will be inappropriate for analysis no matter whether the intermediate outcome is conditioned on or not. It means in particular that the independence structure of the observed variables can no longer be fully described by a directed acyclic graph, that criteria for reading independencies off graphs have to be modified and that joint instead of univariate regression models are needed. These modifications resolve directly the puzzling situation which has been discussed by the above authors for randomized clinical trials as a case in which a true hypothesis of no treatment effect is always falsely rejected. Joint response models provide an alternative route for avoiding this unpleasant situation.' (author's abstract)
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